Cyclodextrin-based polymers for therapeutics delivery

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel compositions comprising polymeric moieties covalently attached to therapeutic agents, wherein the therapeutic agent is attached to the polymeric moiety through a tether. By selecting from a variety of tether groups and targeting ligands the polymers present methods for controlled delivery of the therapeutic agents. The invention also relates to methods of treating subjects with the therapeutic compositions described herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Nos. 60/897,096 filed on Jan. 24, 2007, and 61/002,752 filedon Nov. 9, 2007. The specifications of these applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Drug delivery of some small molecule therapeutic agents has beenproblematic due to their poor pharmacological profiles. Thesetherapeutic agents often have low aqueous solubility, their bioactiveforms exist in equilibrium with an inactive form, or high systemicconcentrations of the agents lead to toxic side-effects. Some approachesto circumvent the problem of their delivery have been to conjugate theagent directly to a water-soluble polymer such as hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA), polyethyleneglycol, and poly-L-glutamic acid. Insome cases, such conjugates have been successful in solubilizing orstabilizing the bioactive form of the therapeutic agent, or achieving asustained release formulation which circumvents complications associatedwith high systemic concentrations of the agent.

Another approach to the drug delivery problem has been to formhost/guest inclusion complexes between the therapeutic agent andcyclodextrins or derivatives thereof. Cyclodextrins (α, β, γ) and theiroxidized forms have unique physico-chemical properties such as goodwater solubility, low toxicity and low immune response. To date, most ofthe drug delivery studies with cyclodextrins have focused on theirability to form supra-molecular complexes, wherein cyclodextrins formhost/guest inclusion complexes with therapeutic molecules and thus alterthe physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of these guestmolecules.

There is an ongoing need for new approaches to the delivery of smalltherapeutic agents that have poor pharmacological profiles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel compositions of polymerconjugates, defined as polymeric materials covalently coupled totherapeutic agents as carriers for therapeutics delivery. In one aspect,the present invention provides water-soluble, biocompatible polymerconjugates comprising a water-soluble, biocompatible polymer covalentlyattached to therapeutic agents through attachments that are cleavedunder biological conditions to release the therapeutic agent.

One aspect of the invention relates to a polymer conjugate, comprising atherapeutic agent covalently attached to a polymer through a tether,wherein the tether comprises a self-cyclizing moiety. In someembodiments, the tether further comprises a selectivity-determiningmoiety.

One aspect of the invention relates to polymeric materials covalentlycoupled to therapeutic agents through a tether, wherein the tethercomprises a self-cyclizing moiety. In certain embodiments, the tetherfurther comprises a selectivity-determining moiety, e.g., covalentlyattached to the self-cyclizing moiety, such as in series.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determiningmoiety is bonded to the self-cyclizing moiety between the self-cyclizingmoiety and the polymer. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, theselectivity-determining moiety promotes selectivity in the cleavage ofthe bond between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety, e.g., under acidic conditions or under basicconditions. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the bond betweenthe selectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety isselected from amide, carbamate, carbonate, ester, thioester, urea, anddisulfide bonds.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the self-cyclizing moiety isselected such that after cleavage of the bond between theselectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety,cyclization of the self-cyclizing moiety occurs, thereby releasing thetherapeutic agent.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, cyclization of theself-cyclizing moiety forms a five- or six-membered ring. In certainembodiments as disclosed herein, the five- or six-membered ring is aheterocycle that comprises at least one heteroatom selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain embodiments as disclosedherein, the heterocycle is an imidazolidinone.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determiningmoiety promotes enzymatic cleavage (i.e., by cathepsin or cathepsin B)of the bond between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, theselectivity-determining moiety comprises a peptide (e.g., a dipeptide,tripeptide or tetrapeptide). In certain embodiments as disclosed herein,the peptide comprises a sequence selected from GFYA, GFLG, GFA, GLA,AVA, GVA, GIA, GVL, GVF, AVF, KF, and FK.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determiningmoiety comprises an aminoalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl moiety. In certainembodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determining moietycomprises cis-aconityl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the self-cyclizing moietyhas a structure

wherein

-   -   U is selected from NR¹ and S;    -   X is selected from O, NR⁵, and S;    -   V is selected from O, S, and NR⁴;    -   R² and R³ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and        alkoxy; or R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms to which        they are attached form a ring; and    -   R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from hydrogen and        alkyl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, U is NR¹ and/or V is NR⁴,and R¹ and R⁴ are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, both R¹ and R⁴are methyl. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, both R² and R³are hydrogen. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, R² and R³together are —(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n is 3 or 4.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the self-cyclizing moiety isselected from

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, U is bonded to theself-cyclizing moiety.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determiningmoiety is represented by Formula A:

wherein

S a sulfur atom that is part of a disulfide bond;

J is optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; and

Q is O or NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determiningmoiety is represented by Formula B:

wherein

W is selected from NR⁴, S, and O;

J, independently and for each occurrence, is hydrocarbyl or polyethyleneglycol;

S is sulfur;

Q is O or NR³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl; and

R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen and alkyl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein according to Formula B, Jcomprises an aryl ring, such as a benzo ring. In certain suchembodiments as disclosed herein, W and S are in a 1,2-relationship onthe aryl ring. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the aryl ringis optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, halogen, —CN, azido, —NR^(x)R^(x), —CO₂OR^(x),—C(O)—NR^(x)R^(x), —C(O)—R^(x), —NR^(x)—C(O)—R^(x), —NR^(x)SO₂R^(x),—SR^(x), —S(O)R^(x), —SO₂R^(x), —SO₂NR^(x)R^(x),—(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—OR^(x), —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—NR^(x)R^(x), and—(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—SO₂R^(x); wherein R^(x) is, independently for eachoccurrence, H or lower alkyl; and n is, independently for eachoccurrence, an integer from 0 to 2.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein according to Formula A or B,J, independently and for each occurrence, is polyethylene glycol,polyethylene, polyester, alkenyl, or alkyl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein according to Formula A or B,J, independently and for each occurrence, represents a hydrocarbylenegroup comprising one or more methylene groups, wherein one or moremethylene groups is optionally replaced by a group Y (provided that noneof the Y groups are adjacent to each other), wherein each Y,independently for each occurrence, is selected from, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—,C(═X) (wherein X is NR³⁰, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR³⁰—, —NR₁CO—,—C(O)NR³⁰—, —S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR³⁰,—NR³⁰—C(O)—NR³⁰—, —NR³⁰—C(NR³⁰)—NR³⁰—, and —B(OR³⁰)—; and R³⁰,independently for each occurrence, represents H or a lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein according to Formula A or B,J, independently and for each occurrence, is substituted orunsubstituted lower alkylene (e.g., unsubstituted ethylene).

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein according to Formula A, theselectivity-determining moiety is

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein according to Formula B, theselectivity-determining moiety is selected from

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the selectivity-determiningmoiety has a structure

wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted benzo ring;

J is optionally substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., as defined anywhereabove); and

Q is O or NR³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein Ar is unsubstituted. Incertain embodiments as disclosed herein, Ar is a 1,2-benzo ring. Incertain such embodiments, the selectivity determining moiety is

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the polymer comprises aplurality of cyclic moieties selected from cyclodextrins, crown ethers,cyclic oligopeptides, cryptands or cryptates, calixarenes, cavitands, orany combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the polymer conjugate has a structure of FormulaI:

-   -   wherein P is a monomer moiety;    -   A, independently for each occurrence, is a        selectivity-determining moiety or a direct bond;    -   B, independently for each occurrence, is a self-cyclizing        moiety;    -   L¹, L², L³ and L⁴, independently for each occurrence, are a        linker group;    -   D and D′ are independently a therapeutic agent or prodrug        thereof;    -   T and T′ are independently a targeting ligand or precursor        thereof;    -   y and y′ are independently an integer from 1 to 10;    -   x, x′, z, and z′ are independently an integer from 0 to 10; and    -   h is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10);        wherein at least one occurrence of either x or x′ is an integer        greater than 0.

In certain embodiments, A is a selectivity-determining moiety.

In certain embodiments, L¹, L², L³ and L⁴ are independently selectedfrom an alkyl chain, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain, polysuccinicanhydride, poly-L-glutamic acid, poly(ethyleneimine), anoligosaccharide, and an amino acid chain.

In certain embodiments, any of L¹, L², L³ and L⁴ are independently analkyl chain wherein one or more methylene groups is optionally replacedby a group Y (provided that none of the Y groups are adjacent to eachother), wherein each Y, independently for each occurrence, is selectedfrom aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or —O—, C(═X) (whereinX is NR¹, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR¹—, —NR¹CO—, —C(O)NR¹—,—S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR¹, —NR¹—C(O)—NR¹—,—NR¹—C(NR¹)—NR¹—, and —B(OR¹)—; and R¹, independently for eachoccurrence, is H or lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, A is selected such that theselectivity-determining moiety promotes selectivity in the cleavage ofthe bond between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety.

In certain embodiments, B is capable of self-cyclizing to release thetherapeutic agent once the bond between A and B has been cleaved.

In one aspect, the invention provides for a compound represented byFormula C:

wherein

-   -   P represents a polymer chain;    -   CD represents a cyclic moiety;    -   L₁, L₂ and L₃, independently for each occurrence, may be absent        or represent a linker group, provided that a plurality of        occurrences of L₂ represent linkers that are cleavable under        biological conditions;    -   D, independently for each occurrence, is selected from        etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog or derivative        thereof;    -   T, independently for each occurrence, represents a targeting        ligand or precursor thereof;    -   a, m and v, independently for each occurrence, represent        integers in the range of 1 to 10;    -   n and w, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 0 to about 30,000; and    -   b represents an integer in the range of I to about 30,000; and    -   either P comprises cyclodextrin moieties in the polymer chain or        n is at least 1.

In certain embodiments, the compound is represented by Formula C′:

wherein

-   -   CD represents a cyclodextrin moiety, or derivative thereof;    -   L₄, L₅, L₆, and L₇, independently for each occurrence, may be        absent or represent a linker group;    -   D and D′, independently for each occurrence, is selected from        etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog or derivative        thereof;    -   T and T′, independently for each occurrence, represents the same        or different targeting ligand or precursor thereof;    -   f and y, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 1 and 10;    -   g and z, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 0 and 10; and    -   h is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10).

In certain embodiments, the compound is represented by Formula D:

wherein

-   -   γ represents a monomer unit of a polymer that comprises        cyclodextrin moieties;    -   T, independently for each occurrence, represents a targeting        ligand or a precursor thereof;    -   L₆, L₇, L₈, L₉, and L₁₀, independently for each occurrence, may        be absent or represent a linker group;    -   CD, independently for each occurrence, represents a cyclodextrin        moiety or a derivative thereof;    -   D, independently for each occurrence, is selected from        etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog or derivative        thereof;    -   m, independently for each occurrence, represents an integer in        the range of 1 to 10;    -   o is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10);        and    -   p, n, and q, independently for each occurrence, represent an        integer in the range of 0 to 10,    -   wherein CD and D are each present at least once in the compound.

One aspect of the invention relates to a polymer covalently coupled to atherapeutic agent through a linker, wherein the linker comprises aphosphate group.

One aspect of the invention relates to a polymer, such as any polymer asdescribed above, covalently coupled to a therapeutic agent through alinker, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from etoposide,tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog or derivative thereof.

In certain embodiments as described above, the polymers employed may bebiocompatible polymers.

In certain embodiments as described above, the polymer comprises aplurality of cyclic moieties selected from cyclodextrins, crown ethers,cyclic oligopeptides, cryptands or cryptates, calixarenes, cavitands,and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments as described above, the therapeutic agent is asmall molecule. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent containsan amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group. In certain embodiments, thetherapeutic agent is attached to the self-cyclizing group through theamino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, preferably a hydroxyl group.

In certain embodiments as described above, the therapeutic agent isetoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog or derivative thereof. Incertain embodiments as disclosed herein, the targeting ligand is ahormone, such a as a hormone that facilitates endocytosis. In certainembodiments, the hormone is luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH).

In certain embodiments, a linker group represents a hydrocarbylene groupwherein one or more methylene groups is optionally replaced by a group Y(provided that none of the Y groups are adjacent to each other), whereineach Y, independently for each occurrence, is selected from, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—,C(═X) (wherein X is NR₁, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR₁—, —NR₁CO—,—C(O)NR₁—, —S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR₁,—NR₁—C(O)—NR₁—, —NR₁—C(NR₁)—NR¹—, and —B(OR¹)—; and R¹, independentlyfor each occurrence, represents H or a lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, a linker group, e.g., between a therapeuticagent and a polymer, comprises a self-cyclizing moiety. In certainembodiments, a linker group, e.g., between a therapeutic agent and apolymer, comprises a selectivity-determining moiety.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, a linker group, e.g.,between a therapeutic agent and a polymer, comprises a self-cyclizingmoiety and a selectivity-determining moiety.

In certain embodiments, the linker group represents an amino acid orpeptide, or derivative thereof.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent ortargeting ligand is covalently bonded to the linker group via abiohydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester, amide, carbonate, carbamate, or aphosphate).

In certain embodiments, the compound is biodegradable or bioerodable.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the compound has a numberaverage (M_(n)) molecular weight between 1,000 to 500,000 amu, orbetween 5,000 to 200,000 amu, or between 10,000 to 100,000 amu.

In one aspect, the invention provides for a pharmaceutical preparationcomprising a pharmaceutical excipient and a compound of the invention,or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, salt, or hydrate thereof. Incertain embodiments, the therapeutic agent or prodrug thereof makes upat least 5% by weight of the compound. In certain embodiments, thetherapeutic agent or prodrug thereof makes up at least 20% by weight ofthe compound.

In certain embodiments, the compound is water soluble.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, P is a linear polymer chain.In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, P is a branched polymerchain.

In certain embodiment as disclosed herein s, P comprises cyclodextrinmoieties and at least one of the cyclodextrin moieties of P is oxidized.In certain such embodiments, a plurality of the cyclodextrin moieties ofP are oxidized.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, P comprises cyclodextrinmoieties that alternate with linker moieties in the polymer chain.

In certain embodiments, the linker moieties are attached to therapeuticagents or prodrugs thereof that are cleaved under biological conditions.

In one aspect, the invention provides for a method for delivering atherapeutic agent comprising administering to a patient in need thereofa therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds ofthe invention. In certain such embodiments, the method is a method fortreating cancer.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound represented byFormula C:

wherein

-   -   P represents a polymer chain;    -   CD represents a cyclodextrin moiety;    -   L₂ independently for each occurrence, may be absent or        represents a linker group, wherein for one or more occurrences,        L₂ is a linker group that comprises a phosphate group;    -   L₁ and L₃, independently for each occurrence, may be absent or        represent a linker group;    -   D, independently for each occurrence, represents a therapeutic        agent or a prodrug thereof;    -   T, independently for each occurrence, represents a targeting        ligand or precursor thereof;    -   a, m and v, independently for each occurrence, represent        integers in the range of 1 to 10;    -   n and w, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 0 to about 30,000; and    -   b represents an integer in the range of I to about 30,000; and

wherein either P comprises cyclodextrin moieties in the polymer chain orn is at least 1, and wherein a plurality of therapeutic agents orprodrugs thereof are covalently attached to the polymer chain throughattachments that are cleavable, e.g., under biological conditions.

In certain embodiments, for a plurality of occurrences, L₂ is a linkergroup comprising a phosphate group.

In certain embodiments, the compound is represented by Formula C′:

wherein

-   -   CD represents a cyclodextrin moiety, or derivative thereof,    -   L₄ and L₆, independently for each occurrence, may be absent or        represent a linker group, wherein for one or more occurrences,        L₄ or L₆ is a linker group that comprises a phosphate group;    -   L₅ and L₇, independently for each occurrence, may be absent or        represent a linker group;    -   D and D′, independently for each occurrence, represent the same        or different therapeutic agent or prodrugs thereof,    -   T and T′, independently for each occurrence, represents the same        or different targeting ligand or precursor thereof;    -   f and y, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 1 and 10;    -   g and z, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 0 and 10; and    -   h is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10).

In certain embodiments, the compound represented by Formula D:

wherein

-   -   γ represents a monomer unit of a polymer;    -   T, independently for each occurrence, represents a targeting        ligand or a precursor thereof;    -   L₆, L₇, L₈, and L₁₀, independently for each occurrence, may be        absent or represent a linker group;    -   L₉, independently for each occurrence, may be absent or        represents a linker group, wherein for one or more occurrences,        L₉ is a linker group that comprises a phosphate group;    -   CD, independently for each occurrence, represents a cyclodextrin        moiety or a derivative thereof;    -   D, independently for each occurrence, represents a therapeutic        agent or a prodrug form thereof;    -   m, independently for each occurrence, represents an integer in        the range of 1 to 10;    -   o is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10);        and    -   p, n, and q, independently for each occurrence, represent an        integer in the range of 0 to 10,

wherein CD and D are each present at least once in the compound.

In certain embodiments, at least one linker that connects thetherapeutic agent or prodrug thereof to the polymer comprises a grouprepresented by the formula

wherein

-   -   P is phosphorus;    -   O is oxygen;    -   E represents oxygen or NR⁴⁰;    -   K represents hydrocarbyl;    -   X is selected from OR⁴² or NR⁴³R⁴⁴; and    -   R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, and R⁴⁴ independently represent hydrogen or        optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, E is NR⁴⁰ and R⁴⁰ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, K is lower alkylene (e.g., ethylene).

In certain embodiments, at least one linker comprises a group selectedfrom

In certain embodiments, X is OR⁴².

In certain embodiments, the linker group comprises an amino acid orpeptide, or derivative thereof.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the linker is connected tothe therapeutic agent through a hydroxyl group (e.g,, a phenolichydroxyl group) on the therapeutic agent.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent is asmall molecule, a peptide, a protein or a polymer that has therapeuticactivity. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeuticagent is a small molecule. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein,the therapeutic agent is selected from etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone,or an analog or derivative thereof.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent ishydrophobic and has a log P>0.4.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent haslow aqueous solubility.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent ortargeting ligand is covalently bonded to the linker group via abiohydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester, amide, carbonate, or a carbamate).

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent isselected from an anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-mycotic,or anti-viral therapeutic.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent is areceptor agonist. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is areceptor antagonist.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the compound isbiodegradable or bioerodable.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the compound has a numberaverage (M_(n)) molecular weight between 1,000 to 500,000 amu, orbetween 5,000 to 200,000 amu, or between 10,000 to 100,000 amu.

In one aspect as disclosed herein, the invention provides for apharmaceutical preparation comprising a pharmaceutical excipient and acompound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, salt,or hydrate thereof.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent isselected from anorexics, antiarthritics, antiasthmatic agents,anticonvulsants, antidepressants; antihistamines, anti-inflammatoryagents, antinauseants, antineoplastics, antipruritics, antipsychotics,antipyretics, antispasmodics, cardiovascular preparations,antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators, central nervous systemstimulants, cough and cold preparations, decongestants, diagnostics,hormones, bone growth stimulants and bone resorption inhibitors,immunosuppressives, muscle relaxants, psychostimulants, sedatives,tranquilizers, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-epileptics, anesthetics,hypnotics, sedatives, neuroleptic agents, antidepressants, anxiolytics,anticonvulsant agents, neuron blocking agents, anticholinergic andcholinomimetic agents, antimuscarinic and muscarinic agents,antiadrenergics, antiarrhythmics, and antihypertensive agents.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the therapeutic agent orprodrug thereof makes up at least 5% by weight of the compound. Incertain embodiments, the therapeutic agent or prodrug thereof makes upat least 20% by weight of the compound.

In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, the compound is watersoluble.

In certain embodiments, a plurality of the linker moieties are attachedto therapeutic agents or prodrugs thereof and are cleaved underbiological conditions.

In one aspect, the invention provides for a method for delivering atherapeutic agent comprising administering to a patient in need thereofa therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds ofthe invention. In certain such embodiments, the method is a method fortreating cancer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the tumor volume mean summary data for HT29 colon carcinomaxenograft in mice treated with CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin.

FIG. 2 shows the body weight mean summary data for HT29 colon carcinomaxenograft in mice treated with CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin.

FIG. 3 shows the relative cellular uptake properties of 5 differentCDP-Rho systems as a percentage of total dosing.

FIG. 4 shows the relative distribution of CDP-Rho in two systemsfollowing dosing.

FIG. 5 shows the uptake of CDP-Rho and LHRH-CDP-Rho by flow cytometry.

FIG. 6 shows substantial colocalization of LHRH-CDP-Rho with Lysotrackergreen as observed by confocal microscopy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Compounds

The present invention provides water-soluble, biocompatible polymerconjugates comprising a water-soluble, biocompatible polymer covalentlyattached to therapeutic agents through attachments that are cleavedunder biological conditions to release the therapeutic agent. In certainembodiments, a polymer conjugate comprises a therapeutic agentcovalently attached to a polymer, preferably a biocompatible polymer,through a tether, e.g., a linker, wherein the tether comprises aselectivity-determining moiety and a self-cyclizing moiety which arecovalently attached to one another in the tether, e.g., between thepolymer and the therapeutic agent.

Polymeric conjugates of the present invention may be useful to improvesolubility and/or stability of a therapeutic agent, reduce drug-druginteractions, reduce interactions with blood elements including plasmaproteins, reduce or eliminate immunogenicity, protect the agent frommetabolism, modulate drug-release kinetics, improve circulation time,improve drug half-life (e.g., in the serum, or in selected tissues, suchas tumors), attenuate toxicity, improve efficacy, normalize drugmetabolism across subjects of different species, ethnicities, and/orraces, and/or provide for targeted delivery into specific cells ortissues. Poorly soluble and/or toxic compounds may benefit particularlyfrom incorporation into polymeric compounds of the invention. In certainembodiments, the therapeutic agent is a small molecule, a macromolecule,an antibody, a peptide, a protein, an enzyme, a nucleic acid, or apolymer that has therapeutic function.

The polymer may be a polycation, polyanion, or non-ionic polymer. Apolycationic or polyanionic polymer has at least one site that bears apositive or negative charge, respectively. In certain such embodiments,at least one of the linker moiety and the cyclic moiety comprises such acharged site, so that every occurrence of that moiety includes a chargedsite.

In certain embodiments, the polymer may be selected frompolysaccharides, and other non-protein biocompatible polymers, andcombinations thereof, that contain at least one terminal hydroxyl group,such as polyvinylpyrrollidone, poly(oxyethylene)glycol (PEG),polysuccinic anhydride, polysebacic acid, PEG-phosphate, polyglutamate,polyethylenimine, maleic anhydride divinylether (DIVMA), cellulose,pullulans, inulin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), dextran and hydroxyethylstarch (HES), and have optional pendant groups for grafting therapeuticagents, targeting ligands and/or cyclodextrin moieties. In certainembodiments, the polymer may be biodegradable such as poly(lactic acid),poly(glycolic acid), poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates), polyanhydrides, andpolyorthoesters, or bioerodible such as polylactide-glycolidecopolymers, and derivatives thereof, non-peptide polyaminoacids,polyiminocarbonates, poly alpha-amino acids, polyalkyl-cyano-acrylate,polyphosphazenes or acyloxymethyl poly aspartate and polyglutamatecopolymers and mixtures thereof.

In certain such embodiments, the polymer comprises cyclic moietiesalternating with linker moieties that connect the cyclic structures,e.g., into linear or branched polymers, preferably linear polymers. Thecyclic moieties may be any suitable cyclic structures, such ascyclodextrins, crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6,15-crown-5,12-crown-4,etc.), cyclic oligopeptides (e.g., comprising from 5 to 10 amino acidresidues), cryptands or cryptates (e.g., cryptand[2.2.2],cryptand-2,1,1, and complexes thereof), calixarenes, or cavitands, orany combination thereof. Preferably, the cyclic structure is (or ismodified to be) water-soluble. In certain embodiments, e.g., for thepreparation of a linear polymer, the cyclic structure is selected suchthat under polymerization conditions, exactly two moieties of eachcyclic structure are reactive with the linker moieties, such that theresulting polymer comprises (or consists essentially of) an alternatingseries of cyclic moieties and linker moieties, such as at least four ofeach type of moiety. Suitable difunctionalized cyclic moieties includemany that are commercially available and/or amenable to preparationusing published protocols. In certain embodiments, conjugates aresoluble in water to a concentration of at least 0.1 g/mL, preferably atleast 0.25 g/mL.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the invention relates to novelcompositions of therapeutic cyclodextrin-containing polymeric compoundsdesigned for drug delivery of therapeutic agents. In certainembodiments, these cyclodextrin-containing polymers improve drugstability and/or solubility, and/or reduce toxicity, and/or improveefficacy of the small molecule therapeutic when used in vivo.Furthermore, by selecting from a variety of linker groups, and/ortargeting ligands, the rate of drug release from the polymers can beattenuated for controlled delivery.

The present invention includes polymer conjugates, such ascyclodextrin-containing polymer conjugates, wherein one or moretherapeutic agents are covalently attached. The polymers include linearor branched cyclodextrin-containing polymers and polymers grafted withcyclodextrin. Exemplary cyclodextrin-containing polymers that may bemodified as described herein are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,509,323 and6,884,789, and U.S. Published Patent Application Nos. 2004-0109888, and2004-0087024, which are incorporated herein in their entirety. Thesepolymers are useful as carriers for small molecule therapeutic delivery,and may improve drug stability and solubility when used in vivo.

In certain embodiments, the underlying polymers are linearcyclodextrin-containing polymers, e.g., the polymer backbone includescyclodextrin moieties. For example, the polymer may be a water-soluble,linear cyclodextrin polymer produced by providing at least onecyclodextrin derivative modified to bear one reactive site at each ofexactly two positions, and reacting the cyclodextrin derivative with alinker having exactly two reactive moieties capable of forming acovalent bond with the reactive sites under polymerization conditionsthat promote reaction of the reactive sites with the reactive moietiesto form covalent bonds between the linker and the cyclodextrinderivative, whereby a linear polymer comprising alternating units ofcyclodextrin derivatives and linkers is produced. Alternatively thepolymer may be a water-soluble, linear cyclodextrin polymer having alinear polymer backbone, which polymer comprises a plurality ofsubstituted or unsubstituted cyclodextrin moieties and linker moietiesin the linear polymer backbone, wherein each of the cyclodextrinmoieties, other than a cyclodextrin moiety at the terminus of a polymerchain, is attached to two of said linker moieties, each linker moietycovalently linking two cyclodextrin moieties. In yet another embodiment,the polymer is a water-soluble, linear cyclodextrin polymer comprising aplurality of cyclodextrin moieties covalently linked together by aplurality of linker moieties, wherein each cyclodextrin moiety, otherthan a cyclodextrin moiety at the terminus of a polymer chain, isattached to two linker moieties to form a linear cyclodextrin polymer.

Cyclodextrins are cyclic polysaccharides containing naturally occurringD-(+)-glucopyranose units in an α-(1,4) linkage. The most commoncyclodextrins are alpha (α)-cyclodextrins, beta (β)-cyclodextrins andgamma (γ)-cyclodextrins which contain six, seven, or eight glucopyranoseunits, respectively. Structurally, the cyclic nature of a cyclodextrinforms a torus or donut-like shape having an inner apolar or hydrophobiccavity, the secondary hydroxyl groups situated on one side of thecyclodextrin torus and the primary hydroxyl groups situated on theother. Thus, using (β)-cyclodextrin as an example, a cyclodextrin isoften represented schematically as follows.

The side on which the secondary hydroxyl groups are located has a widerdiameter than the side on which the primary hydroxyl groups are located.The present invention contemplates covalent linkages to cyclodextrinmoieties on the primary and/or secondary hydroxyl groups. Thehydrophobic nature of the cyclodextrin inner cavity allows forhost-guest inclusion complexes of a variety of compounds, e.g.,adamantane. (Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Volume 3, J. L.Atwood et al., eds., Pergamon Press (1996); T. Cserhati, Anal. Biochem.,1995, 225:328-332; Husain et al., Applied Spectroscopy, 1992,46:652-658; FR 2 665 169). Additional methods for modifying polymers aredisclosed in Suh, J. and Noh, Y., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8,1327-1330.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a polymer conjugate,comprising a therapeutic agent covalently attached to a polymer (such asany of the polymers discussed above) through a tether, wherein thetether comprises a self-cyclizing moiety. In some embodiments, thetether further comprises a selectivity-determining moiety. Thus, oneaspect of the invention relates to a polymer conjugate comprising atherapeutic agent covalently attached to a polymer, preferably abiocompatible polymer, through a tether, wherein the tether comprises aselectivity-determining moiety and a self-cyclizing moiety which arecovalently attached to one another.

In some embodiments, the polymer may be biocompatible.

In some embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety is bonded to theself-cyclizing moiety between the self-cyclizing moiety and the polymer.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety is a moietythat promotes selectivity in the cleavage of the bond between theselectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety. Such amoiety may, for example, promote enzymatic cleavage between theselectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety.Alternatively, such a moiety may promote cleavage between theselectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety underacidic conditions or basic conditions.

In certain embodiments, the invention contemplates any combination ofthe foregoing. Those skilled in the art will recognize that, forexample, any polymer of the invention in combination with anyself-cyclizing moiety, any selectivity-determining moiety, and/or anytherapeutic agent are within the scope of the invention. As an example,any of the various particular recited embodiments for a compound ofFormula C may be combined with any of the various particular recitedembodiments of the selectivity-determining moiety.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety is selectedsuch that the bond is cleaved under acidic conditions.

In certain embodiments where the selectivity-determining moiety isselected such that the bond is cleaved under basic conditions, theselectivity-determining moiety is an aminoalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl moiety.In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety has astructure

In certain embodiments where the selectivity-determining moiety isselected such that the bond is cleaved enzymatically, it may be selectedsuch that a particular enzyme or class of enzymes cleaves the bond. Incertain preferred such embodiments, the selectivity-determining moietymay be selected such that the bond is cleaved by a cathepsin, preferablycathepsin B.

In certain embodiments the selectivity-determining moiety comprises apeptide, preferably a dipeptide, tripeptide, or tetrapeptide. In certainsuch embodiments, the peptide is a dipeptide is selected from KF and FK,In certain embodiments, the peptide is a tripeptide is selected fromGFA, GLA, AVA, GVA, GIA, GVL, GVF, and AVF. In certain embodiments, thepeptide is a tetrapeptide selected from GFYA and GFLG, preferably GFLG.

In certain such embodiments, a peptide, such as GFLG, is selected suchthat the bond between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety is cleaved by a cathepsin, preferably cathepsin B.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety isrepresented by Formula A:

wherein

S a sulfur atom that is part of a disulfide bond;

J is optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; and

Q is O or NR³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In certain embodiments, J may be polyethylene glycol, polyethylene,polyester, alkenyl, or alkyl. In certain embodiments, J may represent ahydrocarbylene group comprising one or more methylene groups, whereinone or more methylene groups is optionally replaced by a group Y(provided that none of the Y groups are adjacent to each other), whereineach Y, independently for each occurrence, is selected from, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—,C(═X) (wherein X is NR³⁰, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR³⁰—, —NR₁CO—,—C(O)NR³⁰—, —S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR³⁰,—NR³⁰—C(O)—NR³⁰—, —NR³⁰—C(NR³⁰)—NR³⁰—, and —B(OR³⁰)—; and R³⁰,independently for each occurrence, represents H or a lower alkyl. Incertain embodiments, J may be substituted or unsubstituted loweralkylene, such as ethylene. For example, the selectivity-determiningmoiety may be

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety isrepresented by Formula B:

wherein

W is either a direct bond or selected from lower alkyl, NR¹⁴, S, O;

S is sulfur;

J, independently and for each occurrence, is hydrocarbyl or polyethyleneglycol;

Q is O or NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl; and

R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen and alkyl.

In certain such embodiments, J may be substituted or unsubstituted loweralkyl, such as methylene. In certain such embodiments, J may be an arylring. In certain embodiments, the aryl ring is a benzo ring, In certainembodiments W and S are in a 1,2-relationship on the aryl ring. Incertain embodiments, the aryl ring may be optionally substituted withalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, —CN, azido,—NR^(x)R^(x), —CO₂₀R^(x), —C(O)—NR^(x)R^(x), —C(O)—R^(x),NR^(x)C(O)R^(x), —NR^(x)SO₂R^(x), —SR^(x), —S(O)R^(x), —SO₂R^(x),—SO₂NR^(x)R^(x), —(C(R^(x))₂), —OR^(x), —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—NR^(x)R^(x),and —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—SO₂R^(x); wherein R^(x) is, independently for eachoccurrence, H or lower alkyl; and n is, independently for eachoccurrence, an integer from 0 to 2.

In certain embodiments, the aryl ring is optionally substituted withalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, —CN, azido,—NR^(x)R^(x), —CO₂OR^(x), —C(O)—NR^(x)R^(x), —C(O)—R^(x), —NR^(x)—C(O)—R^(x), —NR^(x)SO₂R^(x), —SR^(x), —S(O)R^(x), —SO₂R^(x),—SO₂NR^(x)R^(x), —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—OR^(x), —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—NR^(x)R^(x),and —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—SO₂R^(x); wherein R^(x) is, independently for eachoccurrence, H or lower alkyl; and n is, independently for eachoccurrence, an integer from 0 to 2.

In certain embodiments, J, independently and for each occurrence, ispolyethylene glycol, polyethylene, polyester, alkenyl, or alkyl.

In certain embodiments, independently and for each occurrence,represents a hydrocarbylene group comprising one or more methylenegroups, wherein one or more methylene groups is optionally replaced by agroup Y (provided that none of the Y groups are adjacent to each other),wherein each Y, independently for each occurrence, is selected from,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, or —O—, C(═X) (wherein X is NR³⁰, O or S), —OC(O)—,—C(═O)O, —NR³⁰—, —NR³⁰, CO—, —C(O)NR³⁰—, —S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0, 1,or 2), —OC(O)—NR³⁰, —NR³⁰—C(O)—NR³⁰—, —NR³⁰—C(NR³⁰)—NR³⁰—, and—B(OR³⁰)—; and R³⁰, independently for each occurrence, represents H or alower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, J, independently and for each occurrence, issubstituted or unsubstituted lower alkylene. In certain embodiments, J,independently and for each occurrence, is substituted or unsubstitutedethylene.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety is selectedfrom

The selectivity-determining moiety may include groups with bonds thatare cleavable under certain conditions, such as disulfide groups. Incertain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety comprises adisulfide-containing moiety, for example, comprising aryl and/or alkylgroup(s) bonded to a disulfide group. In certain embodiments, theselectivity-determining moiety has a structure

wherein

Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted benzo ring;

J is optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; and

Q is O or NR¹³,

wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl.

In certain embodiments, Ar is unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, Aris a 1,2-benzo ring. For example, suitable moieties within Formula Binclude

In certain embodiments, the self-cyclizing moiety is selected such thatupon cleavage of the bond between the selectivity-determining moiety andthe self-cyclizing moiety, cyclization occurs thereby releasing thetherapeutic agent. Such a cleavage-cyclization-release cascade may occursequentially in discrete steps or substantially simultaneously. Thus, incertain embodiments, there may be a temporal and/or spatial differencebetween the cleavage and the self-cyclization. The rate of theself-cyclization cascade may depend on pH, e.g., a basic pH may increasethe rate of self-cyclization after cleavage. Self-cyclization may have ahalf-life after introduction in vivo of 24 hours, 18 hours, 14 hours, 10hours, 6 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 10 minutes, 5minutes, or 1 minute.

In certain such embodiments, the self-cyclizing moiety may be selectedsuch that, upon cyclization, a five- or six-membered ring is formed,preferably a five-membered ring. In certain such embodiments, the five-or six-membered ring comprises at least one heteroatom selected fromoxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, preferably at least two, wherein theheteroatoms may be the same or different. In certain such embodiments,the heterocyclic ring contains at least one nitrogen, preferably two. Incertain such embodiments, the self-cyclizing moiety cyclizes to form animidazolidone.

In certain embodiments, the self-cyclizing moiety has a structure

wherein

-   -   U is selected from NR¹ and S;    -   X is selected from O, NR⁵, and S, preferably O or S;    -   V is selected from O, S and NR⁴, preferably O or NR⁴;    -   R² and R³ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and        alkoxy; or R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms to which        they are attached form a ring; and    -   R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from hydrogen and        alkyl.

In certain embodiments, U is NR¹ and/or V is NR⁴, and R¹ and R⁴ areindependently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. Incertain embodiments, both R¹ and R⁴ are methyl. On certain embodiments,both R² and R³ are hydrogen. In certain embodiments R² and R³ areindependently alkyl, preferably lower alkyl. In certain embodiments, R²and R³ together are —(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n is 3 or 4, thereby forming acyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring. In certain embodiments, the nature of R²and R³ may affect the rate of cyclization of the self-cyclizing moiety.In certain such embodiments, it would be expected that the rate ofcyclization would be greater when R² and R³ together with the carbonatoms to which they are attached form a ring than the rate when R² andR³ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and alkoxy. Incertain embodiments, U is bonded to the self-cyclizing moiety.

In certain embodiments, the self-cyclizing moiety is selected from

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety may connectto the self-cyclizing moiety through carbonyl-heteroatom bonds, e.g.,amide, carbamate, carbonate, ester, thioester, and urea bonds.

In certain embodiments, a therapeutic agent is covalently attached to apolymer through a tether, wherein the tether comprises aselectivity-determining moiety and a self-cyclizing moiety which arecovalently attached to one another. In certain embodiments, theself-cyclizing moiety is selected such that after cleavage of the bondbetween the selectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizingmoiety, cyclization of the self-cyclizing moiety occurs, therebyreleasing the therapeutic agent. As an illustration, ABC may be aselectivity-determining moiety, and DEFGH maybe be a self-cyclizingmoiety, and ABC may be selected such that enzyme Y cleaves between C andD. Once cleavage of the bond between C and D progresses to a certainpoint, D will cyclize onto H, thereby releasing therapeutic agent X, ora prodrug thereof.

In certain embodiments therapeutic agent X may further compriseadditional intervening components, including, but not limited to anotherself-cyclizing moiety or a leaving group linker, such as CO₂ ormethoxymethyl, that spontaneously dissociates from the remainder of themolecule after cleavage occurs.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a polymer conjugate,comprising a therapeutic agent covalently attached to a polymer (such asany of the polymers discussed above) through a linker, wherein thetherapeutic agent is selected from etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, oran analog or derivative thereof. The linkers may be cleavable underbiological conditions. In some embodiments, a polymer may also comprisea targeting ligand and/or one or more cyclodextrin moieties pendant onthe polymer. Thus one aspect of the invention relates to a polymerconjugate comprising a therapeutic agent covalently attached to apolymer through a tether, wherein the tether is cleavable underbiological conditions.

One aspect of the invention relates to a compound, in some instances apolymeric compound, having a structure of Formula C:

wherein

-   -   P represents a polymer chain;    -   CD represents a cyclic moiety;    -   L₁, L₂ and L₃, independently for each occurrence, may be absent        or represent a linker group, provided that a plurality of        occurrences of L₂ represent linkers that are cleavable under        biological conditions;    -   D, independently for each occurrence, represents a therapeutic        agent or a prodrug thereof;    -   T, independently for each occurrence, represents a targeting        ligand or precursor thereof;    -   a, m and v, independently for each occurrence, represent        integers in the range of 1 to 10;    -   n and w, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 0 to about 30,000; and    -   b represents an integer in the range of I to about 30,000, and    -   wherein either P comprises a plurality of cyclic moieties in the        polymer chain or n is at least 1.

In some embodiments, the cyclic moieties are independently selected fromcyclodextrins, crown ethers, cyclic oligopeptides, cryptands orcryptates, calixarenes, cavitands, and any combination thereof. Incertain embodiments, either P comprises cyclodextrin moieties in thepolymer chain or n is at least 1.

In one aspect, Formula C may be represented by Formula C′:

wherein

-   -   CD represents a cyclodextrin moiety, or derivative thereof;    -   L₄, L₅, L₆, and L₇, independently for each occurrence, may be        absent or represent a linker group;    -   D and D′, independently for each occurrence, represents a        therapeutic agent or a prodrug thereof;    -   T and T′, independently for each occurrence, represents the same        or different targeting ligand or precursor thereof;    -   f and y, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 1 and 10;    -   g and z, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer        in the range of 0 and 10; and    -   h is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10).

In one aspect, Formula C may be represented by Formula D:

wherein

-   -   γ represents a monomer unit of a polymer;    -   T, independently for each occurrence, represents a targeting        ligand or a precursor thereof;    -   L₆, L₇, L₈, L₉, and L₁₀, independently for each occurrence, may        be absent or represent a linker group;    -   CD, independently for each occurrence, represents a cyclodextrin        moiety or a derivative thereof;    -   D, independently for each occurrence, represents a therapeutic        agent or a prodrug thereof;    -   m, independently for each occurrence, represents an integer in        the range of 1 to 10;    -   o is an integer from 2 to 30,000 (for example, from 2, 3, 4, 5,        or 8 to about 25, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000,        20,000, or 25,000; or, for example, from 2, 3, or 4 to 5 or 10);        and    -   p, n, and q, independently for each occurrence, represent an        integer in the range of 0 to 10, wherein CD and D are each        present at least once in the compound.

In certain embodiments, the compound has a number average (M_(n))molecular weight between 1,000 to 500,000 amu, between 5,000 to 200,000amu, or between 10,000 to 100,000 amu.

In one aspect, the compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable ester, salt, or hydrate thereof, may be included in apharmaceutical preparation that further comprises a pharmaceuticalexcipient.

In certain embodiments, B is a self-cyclizing moiety which is capable ofself-cyclizing to release the therapeutic agent or prodrug thereof oncethe bond between the selectivity-determining moiety (A) and theself-cyclizing moiety has been cleaved. In certain such embodiments, theself-cyclizing moiety is capable of cyclizing to form animidazolidinone.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a small molecule, forexample, a hormone (e.g., luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)),etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog or derivative thereof. Incertain embodiments, therapeutic agent contains an amino, hydroxyl, orthiol group. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is attachedto the self-cyclizing group through the amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group.In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is attached to theself-cyclizing group through a hydroxyl group. In certain embodiments,the hormone facilitates endocytosis.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a small molecule, apeptide, a protein, a nucleotide, a polynucleotide, or a polymer thathas therapeutic function. In certain embodiments, the agent is ananti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-mycotic, or anti-viraltherapeutic. In certain embodiments, the agent is a receptor agonist. Incertain embodiments, the agent is a receptor antagonist. In certainembodiments, the therapeutic agent is a protease inhibitor. Furthermore,a polymer of the present invention may contain one kind of therapeuticagent, or may contain more than one kind of therapeutic agent. Forinstance, two or more different cancer drugs, or a cancer drug and animmunosuppressant, or an antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory agent maybe grafted on to the polymer. By selecting different selectivitydetermining moieties for different drugs, the release of each drug maybe attenuated to achieve maximal dosage and efficacy.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent may contain an amino,hydroxyl, or thiol group. In certain such embodiments, the therapeuticagent may be attached to the self-cyclizing group through the amino,hydroxyl, or thiol group. In certain such embodiments, the therapeuticagent is a hydroxyl-containing agent, including, but not limited to,salicylic acid, acetaminophen, morphine, etoposide, a tubulysin(preferably tubulysin A, tubulysin B, or tubulysin C), an epothilone,camptothecin, geldanamycin, rapamycin, or vancomycin, or an analog orderivative thereof.

In some embodiments, such therapeutic agents are covalently attached tosubject polymers through functional groups comprising one or moreheteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol, carboxy, amino, and amidegroups. Such groups may be covalently attached to the subject polymersthrough linker groups as described herein, for example, biocleavablelinker groups, and/or through tethers, such as a tether comprising aselectivity-determining moiety and a self-cyclizing moiety which arecovalently attached to one another.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected fromanorexics, antiarthritics, antiasthmatic agents, anticonvulsants,antidepressants; antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents,antinauseants, antineoplastics, antipruritics, antipsychotics,antipyretics, antispasmodics, cardiovascular preparations,antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators, central nervous systemstimulants, cough and cold preparations, decongestants, diagnostics,hormones, bone growth stimulants and bone resorption inhibitors,immunosuppressives, muscle relaxants, psychostimulants, sedatives,tranquilizers, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-epileptics, anesthetics,hypnotics, sedatives, neuroleptic agents, antidepressants, anxiolytics,anticonvulsant agents, neuron blocking agents, anticholinergic andcholinomimetic agents, antimuscarinic and muscarinic agents,antiadrenergics, antiarrhythmics, and antihypertensive agents

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is hydrophobic and has alog P>0.4. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent has low aqueoussolubility. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent or targetingligand is covalently bonded to the linker group via a biohydrolyzablebond (e.g., an ester, amide, carbonate, or a carbamate),

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent or prodrug thereof makesup at least 5%, 10%, 15%, or at least 20% by weight of the compound.

In certain embodiments, the compounds comprise cyclodextrin moieties andwherein at least one or a plurality of the cyclodextrin moieties of P isoxidized. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin moieties of Palternate with linker moieties in the polymer chain.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be watersoluble.

In certain embodiments, the linker group that connects to thetherapeutic agent may comprise a self-cyclizing moiety, or aselectivity-determining moiety, or both. In certain embodiments, theselectivity-determining moiety is a moiety that promotes selectivity inthe cleavage of the bond between the selectivity-determining moiety andthe self-cyclizing moiety. Such a moiety may, for example, promoteenzymatic cleavage between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety. Alternatively, such a moiety may promote cleavagebetween the selectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moietyunder acidic conditions or basic conditions.

In certain embodiments where the selectivity-determining moiety isselected such that the bond is cleaved enzymatically, it may be selectedsuch that a particular enzyme or class of enzymes cleaves the bond. Incertain preferred such embodiments, the selectivity-determining moietymay be selected such that the bond is cleaved by a cathepsin, preferablycathepsin B.

In certain embodiments the selectivity-determining moiety comprises apeptide, preferably a dipeptide, tripeptide, or tetrapeptide. In certainsuch embodiments, the peptide is a dipeptide is selected from KF and FK,In certain embodiments, the peptide is a tripeptide is selected fromGFA, GLA, AVA, GVA, GIA, GVL, GVF, and AVF. In certain embodiments, thepeptide is a tetrapeptide selected from GFYA and GFLG, preferably GFLG.

In certain such embodiments, a peptide, such as GFLG, is selected suchthat the bond between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety is cleaved by a cathepsin, preferably cathepsin B.

In certain embodiments, the linker group that connects to thetherapeutic agent may comprise a phosphate group, such as aphosphoramidite group. In certain embodiments, the linker groupcomprising a phosphate group is represented by the formula

wherein

-   -   P is phosphorus;    -   is oxygen;    -   E represents oxygen or NR⁴⁰;    -   K represents hydrocarbyl;    -   X is selected from OR⁴² or NR⁴³R⁴⁴; and    -   R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, and    -   R⁴⁴ independently represent hydrogen or optionally substituted        alkyl, including lower alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl).

In certain embodiments, E is NR⁴⁰ and R⁴⁰ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, K is lower alkylene, such as, for example, ethylene. Incertain embodiments, X is OR⁴².

In certain embodiments, the linker group is selected from

In certain embodiments, the linker group is connected to the therapeuticagent through a hydroxyl group (e.g., a phenolic hydroxyl group) on thetherapeutic agent.

In certain embodiments, linker group comprises an amino acid or peptide,or derivative thereof.

In certain embodiments, any of the linker groups represents ahydrocarbylene group wherein one or more methylene groups is optionallyreplaced by a group Y (provided that none of the Y groups are adjacentto each other), wherein each Y, independently for each occurrence, isselected from, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—, C(═X) (wherein X is NR₁, O or S),—OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR₁—, —NR₁CO—, —C(O)NR₁—, —S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0,1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR₁, —NR₁—C(O)—NR₁—, —NR₁—C(NR₁)—NR₁—, and —B(OR₁)—;and R₁, independently for each occurrence, represents H or a loweralkyl.

In certain embodiments, any of the linker groups may comprise aself-cyclizing moiety or a self-cyclizing moiety, or both. In certainembodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety may be bonded to theself-cyclizing moiety between the self-cyclizing moiety and the polymer.

In certain embodiments, any of the linker groups may independently be analkyl chain, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain, polysuccinic anhydride,poly-L-glutamic acid, poly(ethyleneimine), an oligosaccharide, an aminoacid chain, or any other suitable linkage. In certain embodiments, thelinker group itself can be stable under physiological conditions, suchas an alkyl chain, or it can be cleavable under physiologicalconditions, such as by an enzyme (e.g., the linkage contains a peptidesequence that is a substrate for a peptidase), or by hydrolysis (e.g.,the linkage contains a hydrolyzable group, such as an ester orthioester). The linker groups can be biologically inactive, such as aPEG, polyglycolic acid, or polylactic acid chain, or can be biologicallyactive, such as an oligo- or polypeptide that, when cleaved from themoieties, binds a receptor, deactivates an enzyme, etc. Variousoligomeric linker groups that are biologically compatible and/orbioerodible are known in the art, and the selection of the linkage mayinfluence the ultimate properties of the material, such as whether it isdurable when implanted, whether it gradually deforms or shrinks afterimplantation, or whether it gradually degrades and is absorbed by thebody. The linker group may be attached to the moieties by any suitablebond or functional group, including carbon-carbon bonds, esters, ethers,amides, amines, carbonates, carbamates, sulfonamides, etc.

In certain embodiments, any of the linker groups may independently be analkyl group wherein one or more methylene groups is optionally replacedby a group Y (provided that none of the Y groups are adjacent to eachother), wherein each Y, independently for each occurrence, is selectedfrom aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or —O—, C(═X) (whereinX is NR¹, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR¹—, —NR¹CO—, —C(O)NR¹—,—S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR¹—, —NR¹—C(O)—NR¹—,—NR¹—C(NR¹)—NR¹—, and —B(OR¹)—; and R¹, independently for eachoccurrence, is H or lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, any of the linker groups may independently be aderivatized or non-derivatized amino acid. In certain embodiments,linker groups with one or more terminal carboxyl groups may beconjugated, e.g., covalently conjugated, to the polymer. In certainembodiments, one or more of these terminal carboxyl groups may be cappedby covalently attaching them to a therapeutic agent, a targeting ligand,or a cyclodextrin moiety via an (thio)ester or amide bond. In stillother embodiments, linker groups with one or more terminal hydroxyl,thiol, or amino groups may be incorporated into the polymer. Inpreferred embodiments, one or more of these terminal hydroxyl groups maybe capped by covalently attaching them to a therapeutic agent, atargeting ligand, or a cyclodextrin moiety via an (thio)ester, amide,carbonate, carbamate, thiocarbonate, or thiocarbamate bond. In certainembodiments, these (thio)ester, amide, (thio)carbonate or(thio)carbamates bonds may be biohydrolyzable, i.e., capable of beinghydrolyzed under biological conditions.

In certain embodiments, the polymers as described above havepolydispersities less than about 3, or even less than about 2.

The invention further contemplates methods for delivering a therapeuticagent comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of theinvention.

Tubulysins and derivatives and/or analogs thereof may be found, forexample, in WO2004/005269, WO2004/005327, WO2004/005326, WO1998/13375,and WO2004/046170 and German Application Serial Nos. DE 100 08 089.8,the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.

For example, tubulysin derivatives and/or analogs may be represented byFormula II:

wherein

-   -   A is a substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;    -   X is O, S or NR₁₃ or CR₁₄R₁₅;    -   X_(a) is O, S or NR_(a);    -   Y is O, S or NR₆; and    -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and        R_(a) are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl,        aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl,        heteroalkylcycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl or        heteroaralkyl;    -   R₁₁ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl,        heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, heteroalkylcycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, —C(═O)-alkyl,        —C(═O)-alkenyl, —C(═O)-alkynyl, —C(═O)-heteroalkyl, —C(═O)-aryl,        —C(═O)-heteroaryl, —C(═O)-cycloalkyl, —C(═O)-alkylcycloalkyl,        —C(═O)-heteroalkylcycloalkyl, —C(═O)-heterocycloalkyl,        —C(═O)-aralkyl, or —C(═O)-heteroaralkyl;    -   R₁₂ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl,        heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, heteroalkylcycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, —X_(a)-alkyl,        —X_(a)-alkenyl, —X_(a)-alkynyl, —X_(a)-heteroalkyl, —X_(a)-aryl,        —X_(a)-heteroaryl, —X_(a)-cycloalkyl, —X_(a)-alkylcycloalkyl,        —X_(a)-heteroalkylcycloalkyl, —X_(a)-heterocycloalkyl,        —X_(a)-aralkyl, or —X_(a)-heteroaralkyl;    -   or two R's taken together form a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl        ring system;    -   or a pharmacologically acceptable salt, a solvate, a hydrate or        a pharmacologically acceptable formulation thereof.

In some embodiments, tubulysin derivatives of Formula II are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, for example, when such groups occur inR₁₁, or R₁₂.

In certain embodiments, tubulysin derivatives and/or analogs of FormulaII may be represented by Formula III:

wherein

wherein R₁ represents C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R₆ represents C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R₉ represents C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R₁₇ represents C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkenyl;

R₁₉ represents aralkyl or heteroaralkyl;

R₂₀ represents C₁-C₄ alkyl; and

m equals 1 or 2.

In certain embodiments, R₁₉ represents the following structure:

wherein

R₂₁ represents OH, NH₂, alkyloxy, alkyl amino or dialkyl amino;

R₂₂ represents halogen, OH, NO₂, NH₂, alkyloxy, alkyl amino or dialkylamino; and

p equals 0, 1, 2 or 3.

-   -   In some embodiments, tubulysin derivatives of Formula III are        covalently attached to subject polymers through an occurrence of        a functional group comprising one or more heteroatoms, for        example, hydroxy, thiol, carboxy, amino, and amide groups, such        as the hydroxy or amino groups of R₂₁ or R₂₂.

In certain embodiments, tubulysin derivatives and/or analogs of FormulaII may be represented by Formula IV:

wherein

-   -   m represents 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   R₁ represents methyl or ethyl;    -   R₆ represents isopropyl, isobutyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl,        CH₂-cyclopropyl, or CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃;    -   R₉ represents isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl,        isobutyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl, CH₂-cyclopropyl, CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃,        cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl;    -   R₁₇ represents methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,        isobutyl, CH═C(CH₃), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclohexyl;    -   R₂₀ represents methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or phenyl; and    -   R₁₉ represents

In some embodiments, tubulysin derivatives of Formula IV are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, such as the hydroxy or carboxy groupsof R₁₉.

Further tubulysin derivatives and/or analogs may be represented byFormula V:

wherein

-   -   R represents H, alkyl, aryl, OR₁, NR₁R₂ or NH(CH₂)₂₋₄;    -   R₁ represents H, alkyl or aryl;    -   R₂ represents H, alkyl or aryl;    -   Q represents H, halogen, NO₂ or NHR₃;    -   U represents H, halogen, NO₂ or NHR₃;    -   R₃ represents H, HCO or C₁₋₄alkyl-CO;    -   T represents H, halogen, or OR₄, for example, T may represent H        or OR₄;    -   R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, COR₅, P(O)(OR₆)₂ or SO₃R₆;    -   R₅ represents alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl;    -   R₆ represents H, alkyl or a metal ion;    -   V represents H, OR₇, halogen, or taken together with W        represents ═O;    -   R₇ represents H, alkyl or COR₈;    -   R₈ represents alkyl, alkenyl or aryl;    -   W represents H or alkyl, or taken together with V represents ═O;    -   X represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, CH₂NR₉ or CH₂OR₉, for example, X        may represent H, alkyl, alkenyl or CH₂OR₉;    -   R₉ represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or COR₁₀;    -   R₁₀ represents alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl (e.g.,        n-butyl, i-butyl), alkenyl (e.g., vinyl, dimethylvinyl), aryl or        heteroaryl;    -   Y represents a free electron pair when Z represents CH₃ or        COR₁₁, or O when Z represents CH₃;    -   R₁₁ represents alkyl, CF₃ or aryl; and    -   Z represents CH₃ when Y represents O or a free electron pair, or        COR₁₁ when Y represents a free electron pair.

In some embodiments, tubulysin derivatives of Formula V are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, in some instances, through T or R.

Additional tubulysin derivatives of Formula V maybe represented byFormula Va:

(Va).

Tubulysin R¹ R² R³ A OH Ac CH₂O—CO—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ B OH Ac CH₂O—CO—CH₂CH₂CH₃C OH Ac CH₂O—CO—CH₂CH₃ D H Ac CH₂O—CO—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ E H AcCH₂O—CO—CH₂CH₂CH₃ F H Ac CH₂O—CO—CH₂CH₃ G OH Ac CH₂O—CO—CH═C(CH₃)₂ H HAc CH₃ I OH Ac CH₃ ... ... ... ... U H Ac H V H H H W OH HCH₂O—CO—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ X OH Ac CH₂OH Y OH Ac H Z OH H H Halogen Ac H, CH₂,CH₂CH₂CH₃ CH₃ Ac CH₃ OCH₃ Ac CH₃

In some embodiments, tubulysin derivatives of Formula Va are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, such as the carboxy group of FormulaVa or R¹.

Further tubulysin derivatives and/or analogs may be represented byFormula VI:

In some embodiments, tubulysin derivatives of Formula VI are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, for example through the phenol groupor the carboxy group depicted in Formula VI.

Additionally, epothilones and derivatives and/or analogs thereof may befound, for example, in PCT Publication Nos. WO2005/030767,WO2004/007492, WO2004/007483, and WO2002/32844 and German ApplicationSerial Nos. DE 197 13 970.1, DE 100 51 136.8, DE 101 34 172.5, DE 102 32094.2, the contents of which are incorporated herein in theirentireties.

For example, epothilone derivatives and/or analogs may be represented byFormula VII:

wherein

-   -   A is a heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroalkylcycloalkyl,        heteroaryl, heteroaralkenyl, or heteroaralkyl group;    -   U is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        heteroalkylcycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl group;    -   G-E is selected from the following groups,

-   -   or is part of an optionally substituted phenyl ring;    -   R₁ is a C₁-C₄-alkyl, a C₂-C₄-alkenyl, a C₂-C₄-alkynyl, or a        C₃-C₄-cycloalkyl group;    -   V—W is a group of formula CH₂CH or CH═C;    -   X is oxygen or a group of the formula NR₂, wherein R₂ is        hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl,        heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, heteroalkylcycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl group; and    -   R₃ and R₄ independently from each other represent hydrogen,        C₁-C₄-alkyl or together are part of a cycloalkyl group with 3 or        4 ring atoms, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt, solvate,        hydrate or formulation thereof;    -   or tautomers, geometrical isomers, or stereoisomers thereof.

In some embodiments, epothilone derivatives of Formula VII arecovalently attached to subject polymers through an occurrence of afunctional group comprising one or more heteroatoms, for example,hydroxy, thiol, carboxy, amino, and amide groups, for example, either ofthe hydroxy groups depicted in Formula VII.

In certain embodiments of Formula VII, A is a group of Formula VIII orIX,

wherein

-   -   Q is sulfur, oxygen or NR₇ (especially oxygen or sulfur),        wherein R₇ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ heteroalkyl;    -   Z is nitrogen or CH (especially CH); and    -   R₆ is OR₈, NHR₈, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkynyl or        C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl (especially methyl, CH₂OR₈ or CH₂NHR₈),        wherein R₈ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ heteroalkyl        (especially hydrogen).

Further epothilone derivatives and/or analogs may be represented byFormula X:

wherein

-   -   R₁ is a C₁₋₆alkyl, a C₂₋₆alkynyl or a C₂₋₆alkenyl radical;    -   R₂ is a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆alkyl radical;    -   X-Y is selected from the following groups:

-   -   R₃ is a halogen atom or a C₁₋₆alkyl, a C₂₋₆alkenyl or a        C₁₋₆-heteroalkyl radical;    -   R₄ is a bicycloaryl radical, a bicycloheteroaryl radical or a        group of formula —C(R₅)═CHR₆;    -   R₅ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and    -   R₆ is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;    -   or a pharmacologically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or a        pharmacologically acceptable formulation thereof.

In certain embodiments, R₄ represents

In some embodiments, epothilone derivatives of Formula X are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, for example, either of the hydroxygroups depicted in Formula VII.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula X can be represented bythe following structures:

Further epothilone derivatives and/or analogs may be represented byFormula XI:

wherein

-   -   B₁, B₂, B₃ are selected from single bonds; double bonds in the        E(trans) form, Z(cis) form or as E/Z mixture; epoxide rings in        the E(trans) form, Z(cis) form or E/Z mixture; cyclopropane        rings in the E(trans) form, Z(cis) form or E/Z mixture; and/or        combinations thereof; and being preferably selected from single        and double bonds; and particularly preferably being selected        from B₁ as Z double bonds or epoxide and B₂ and B₃ as single        bond;    -   R is selected from H; alkyl; aryl; aralkyl such as —CH₂-aryl,        —C₂H₄-aryl and the like; alkenyl, such as vinyl; cycloalkyl,        particularly a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl; CH_(n)F_(3-n) with        n=0 to 3; oxacycloalkyl, particularly a 3- to 7-membered        oxacycloalkyl; and/or combinations thereof; being particularly        selected from H, methyl, ethyl, phenyl, benzyl; and being        particularly preferred selected from H, methyl, ethyl and        combinations thereof;    -   R′ is selected from the same group as R, and is preferably H;    -   R″ is selected from the same group as R, and is preferably        methyl;    -   Y is selected from S, NH, N-PG, NR and O; being preferably        selected from NH, N-PG, NR and O, and being particularly        preferably O;    -   Y′ is selected from H, OH, OR, O—PG, NH₂, NR₂, N(PG)₂, SR and        SH; being preferably O—PG and/or OH;    -   Nu is selected from R, O-PG, OR, N(PG)₂, NR₂, S-PG, SR, SeR, CN,        N₃, aryl and heteroaryl; being preferably selected from R, O—PG,        OR, N(PG)₂ and NR₂, and being particularly preferably H;    -   Z is selected from —OH, —O—PG, —OR, ═O, ═N—Nu, ═CH-heteroaryl,        ═CH-aryl and ═PR₃, where all previously mentioned double bound        groups may be present in the E(trans) form, Z(cis) form or as        E/Z mixture; being preferably ═CH-heteroaryl; and being        particularly preferred selected from .═O,        (E)-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)-CH═ and        (E)-(2-methyloxazol-4-yl)-CH═;    -   Z′ is selected from 0, OH, OR, O-PG, N(H)₁₋₂, N(R)₁₋₂, N(PG)₁₋₂,        SR, S-PG and R; being preferably O, O-PG and/or OR;    -   B₃ is selected from single or double bonds in the E(trans) form,        Z(cis) form or as E/Z mixture; being preferably selected from        single and double bonds with heteroatoms such as O, S and N; and        being particularly preferred a single bond to O-PG and/or OH;    -   PG is a protecting group, and is preferably selected from allyl,        methyl, t-butyl (preferably with electron withdrawing group),        benzyl, silyl, acyl and activated methylene derivatives such as        methoxymethyl, alkoxyalkyl or 2-oxacycloalkyl; being        preferably—predominantly for alcohol and amine        functions—selected from trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl,        dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl, acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl,        tetrahydropyranyl as well as protecting groups protecting        neighbouring or bivalent groups (PG₂) concomitantly under        formation of 5- to 7-membered rings, such as succinyl, phthalyl,        methylene, ethylene, propylene, 2,2-dimethylpropa-1,3-diyl,        acetonide; and/or combinations of all previously named        protecting groups; alkyl is selected from hydrocarbons, also of        branched isomers, preferably with C₁₋₂₀, particularly with 1 to        8 carbon atoms; aryl is selected from phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl,        and their derivatives, preferably with up to five alkyl, alkoxy        and/or halogen substituents, preferably from those with up to        three substituents, particularly preferred with up to one        substituent; preferably being selected from phenyl and benzyl        derivatives; and combinations of these.

Hetaryl/heteroaryl is selected from five- or six-membered heteroaromaticmoieties with one or more O, S and N atoms and their derivatives with upto four alkyl, alkoxy and/or halogen substituents, preferably from thosewith up to two substituents, particularly preferred with up to onesubstituent; preferably being selected from oxazole, thiazole andpyrimidine derivatives; and particularly preferred being analkylthiazole derivative; and combinations thereof; with beingparticularly preferred Z=O, (E)-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)-CH═,(E)-(2-methyloxazol-4-yl)-CH═; R′═H; R″=Me; Y′, Z′=O—PG, OH and/or Y═O.

In some embodiments, epothilone derivatives of Formula XI are covalentlyattached to subject polymers through an occurrence of a functional groupcomprising one or more heteroatoms, for example, hydroxy, thiol,carboxy, amino, and amide groups, such as that of Y′ or Z′.

In certain embodiments, derivatives and/or analogs of epothilone may berepresented by Formula XII:

-   -   wherein R is selected from OR¹, NHR¹, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,        and heteroalkyl (e.g., CH₂OR¹ or CH₂NHR¹); and    -   R¹ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, and C₁₋₄heteroalkyl,        preferably hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R is selected from methyl, CH₂OH, and CH₂NH₂.

In some embodiments, epothilone derivatives of Formula XII arecovalently attached to subject polymers through an occurrence of afunctional group comprising one or more heteroatoms, for example,hydroxy, thiol, carboxy, amino, and amide groups, for example, thehydroxy group depicted in Formula XII.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety may be GFLGor KF or FK, the self-cyclizing moiety may be an imidazolidone-formingmoiety, and the therapeutic agent may be a hydroxyl-containing agent,including, but not limited to, etoposide. The cascade to releaseetoposide for GFLG, for example, may be illustrated as shown below.

A similar cascade is contemplated when KF or FK is used in place of GFLGas the selectivity-determining moiety.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety may becis-aconityl, the self-cyclizing moiety may be an imidazolidone-formingmoiety, and the therapeutic agent may be a hydroxyl-containing agent,including, but not limited to, etoposide. The cascade to releaseetoposide may be illustrated as shown below, wherein either isoform ofcis-aconityl may be used.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity-determining moiety may becleavable under basic conditions, the self-cyclizing moiety may be animidazolidone-forming moiety, and the therapeutic agent may be ahydroxyl-containing agent, including, but not limited to, etoposide. Thecascade to release etoposide may be illustrated as shown below.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates a linear,water-soluble, cyclodextrin-containing polymer, wherein a plurality oftherapeutic agents are covalently attached to the polymer throughattachments that are cleaved under biological conditions to release thetherapeutic agents as discussed above, wherein administration of thepolymer to a patient results in release of the therapeutic agent over aperiod of at least 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 24, 36, 48 or even 72hours.

One embodiment of the present invention provides an improved delivery ofcertain hydrophobic small molecule therapeutics by covalentlyconjugating them to cyclodextrin-containing polymers as discussed above.Such conjugation improves the aqueous solubility and hence thebioavailability of the therapeutic agents. Accordingly, in oneembodiment of the invention, the therapeutic agent is a hydrophobiccompound with a log P>0.4, >0.6, >0.8, >1, >2, >3, >4, or even >5.

The polymer conjugates of the present invention preferably havemolecular weights in the range of 10,000 to 500,000; 30,000 to 200,000;or even 70,000 to 150,000 amu.

In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin moieties make up at least about2%, 5% or 10% by weight, up to 20%, 30%, 50% or even 80% of thecyclodextrin-modified polymer by weight. In certain embodiments, thetherapeutic agents, or targeting ligands make up at least about 1%, 5%,10% or 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or even 35% of the cyclodextrin-modifiedpolymer by weight. Number-average molecular weight (M_(n)) may also varywidely, but generally fall in the range of about 1,000 to about 500,000daltons, preferably from about 5000 to about 200,000 daltons and, evenmore preferably, from about 10,000 to about 100,000. Most preferably,M_(n) varies between about 12,000 and 65,000 daltons. In certain otherembodiments, M_(n) varies between about 3000 and 150,000 daltons. Withina given sample of a subject polymer, a wide range of molecular weightsmay be present. For example, molecules within the sample may havemolecular weights that differ by a factor of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, ormore, or that differ from the average molecular weight by a factor of 2,5, 10, 20, 50, 100, or more. Exemplary cyclodextrin moieties includecyclic structures consisting essentially of from 7 to 9 saccharidemoieties, such as cyclodextrin and oxidized cyclodextrin. A cyclodextrinmoiety optionally comprises a linker moiety that forms a covalentlinkage between the cyclic structure and the polymer backbone,preferably having from 1 to 20 atoms in the chain, such as alkyl chains,including dicarboxylic acid derivatives (such as glutaric acidderivatives, succinic acid derivatives, and the like), and heteroalkylchains, such as oligoethylene glycol chains.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates attenuatingthe rate of release of the therapeutic agent by introducing varioustether groups between the therapeutic agent and the polymer. Thus, incertain embodiments, the polymeric therapeutics of the present inventionare compositions for controlled delivery of therapeutic agents. Oneskilled in the art would also recognize that by labeling the therapeuticagent and/or targeting ligand with radionuclei, or by forming complexesof NMR active nuclei, e.g., technetium, gadolinium, or dysprosium, thepolymers of the present invention can achieve a dualdiagnostic/therapeutic utility.

In other embodiments, the polymeric compounds stabilize the bioactiveform of a therapeutic agent which exists in equilibrium between anactive and inactive form. For instance, conjugating the therapeuticagent to the polymers of the present invention may shift the equilibriumbetween two tautomeric forms of the agent to the bioactive tautomer. Inother embodiment, the polymeric compounds may attenuate the equilibriumbetween lactonic and acid forms of a therapeutic agent.

One method to determine molecular weight is by gel permeationchromatography (“GPC”), e.g., mixed bed columns, CH₂Cl₂ solvent, lightscattering detector, and off-line dn/dc. Other methods are known in theart.

In other embodiments, the polymer conjugate of the invention may be aflexible or flowable material. When the polymer used is itself flowable,the polymer composition of the invention, even when viscous, need notinclude a biocompatible solvent to be flowable, although trace orresidual amounts of biocompatible solvents may still be present.

While in certain embodiments the biodegradable polymer or thetherapeutic agent may be dissolved in a small quantity of a non-toxicsolvent to more efficiently produce an amorphous, monolithicdistribution or a fine dispersion of the biologically active agent inthe flexible or flowable composition, in certain preferred embodiments,no solvent is required to form a flowable composition. In certainembodiments where a solvent is used to facilitate mixing or to maintainthe flowability of the polymer conjugate of the invention, it ispreferably non-toxic and otherwise biocompatible, and preferably used inrelatively small amounts.

Examples of suitable biocompatible solvents, include, but are notlimited to, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, ethanol, propyleneglycol, acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone,dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, caprolactam,oleic acid, or 1-dodecylazacylcoheptanone. Preferred solvents includeN-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, and acetonebecause of their solvating ability and their biocompatibility.

In certain embodiments, the subject polymer conjugates are soluble inone or more common organic solvents for ease of fabrication andprocessing. Common organic solvents include, but are not limited to,chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, 2-butanone, butyl acetate,ethyl butyrate, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethylacetamide,N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide.

II. Targeting Ligand

In certain embodiments, the polymer conjugate comprises a targetingligand. Thus in certain embodiments, a receptor, cell, and/ortissue-targeting ligand, or a precursor thereof is coupled to a polymerconjugate.

As used herein the term “targeting ligand” refers to any material orsubstance which may promote targeting of receptors, cells, and/ortissues in vivo or in vitro with the compositions of the presentinvention. The targeting ligand may be synthetic, semi-synthetic, ornaturally-occurring. Materials or substances which may serve astargeting ligands include, but are not limited to, proteins, includingantibodies, antibody fragments, hormones, hormone analogues,glycoproteins and lectins, peptides, polypeptides, amino acids, sugars,saccharides, including monosaccharides and polysaccharides,carbohydrates, small molecules, vitamins, steroids, steroid analogs,hormones, cofactors, bioactive agents, and genetic material, includingnucleosides, nucleotides, nucleotide acid constructs andpolynucleotides.

As indicated above, in certain instances, the targeting ligand may be ahormone, for example a hormone that facilitates endocytosis, such asreceptor-mediated endocytosis. Such endocytosis may occur with regard tothe present polymer conjugates in various structural forms thereof, suchas microspheres, microparticles, and nanoparticles. The endocytosis mayfacilitate cellular uptake of the present polymer conjugates. In certainembodiments, the targeting ligand may be luteinizing hormone-releasinghormone (LHRH). For example, targeting ligands, such as hormones, suchas LHRH, may be used in the subject polymer conjugates in combinationwith therapeutic agents and analogs or derivatives thereof as describedherein, such as epothilones and tubulysins and analogs or derivativesthereof. In some embodiments, use of a hormone, such as LHRH, as atargeting ligand increases the cellular uptake of the present polymerconjugates in cells exhibiting abnormal proliferation, such as in cancerand/or tumor cells. For example, use of a hormone, such as LHRH, as atargeting ligand can be used to increase cellular uptake of the presentpolymer conjugates in breast, lung, colon, and ovarian cancer cells.

As used herein, the term “precursor” to a targeting ligand refers to anymaterial or substance which may be converted to a targeting ligand. Suchconversion may involve, for example, anchoring a precursor to atargeting ligand. Exemplary targeting precursor moieties includemaleimide groups, disulfide groups, such as ortho-pyridyl disulfide,vinylsulfone groups, azide groups, and α-iodo acetyl groups. Theattachment of the targeting ligand or precursor thereof to the polymermay be accomplished in various ways including, but not limited tochelation, covalent attachment, or formation of host-guest complexes. Incertain embodiments, an optional linker group may be present between thetargeting ligand or precursor thereof and the polymer, wherein thelinker group is attached to the polymer via chelation, covalentattachment or form host guest complexes. For example, the one terminalend of a linker group may be attached to the targeting ligand while theother may be attached to an adamantane group, or other such hydrophobicmoiety, which forms a host guest complex with a cyclodextrin moiety.Thus the targeting ligand may be attached to a grafted cyclodextrinmoiety, to a cyclodextrin moiety within the polymeric chain, or to thepolymeric chain itself. The number of targeting ligands per polymericchain may vary according to various factors including but not limited tothe identity of the therapeutic agent, nature of the disease, type ofpolymer chain. Structures of possible linker groups are the same aslinker groups defined elsewhere in this application.

III. Definitions

The term “active” as used herein means biologically, therapeutically orpharmacologically active.

An “adjuvant”, as the term is used herein, is a compound that has littleor no therapeutic value on its own, but increases the effectiveness of atherapeutic agent. Exemplary adjuvants include radiosensitizers,transfection-enhancing agents (such as chloroquine and analogs thereof),chemotactic agents and chemoattractants, peptides that modulate celladhesion and/or cell mobility, cell permeabilizing agents, inhibitors ofmultidrug resistance and/or efflux pumps, etc.

The term “agonist”, as used herein, is meant to refer to an agent thatmimics or up-regulates (e.g., potentiates or supplements) thebioactivity of a protein of interest, or an agent that facilitates orpromotes (e.g., potentiates or supplements) an interaction amongpolypeptides or between a polypeptide and another molecule (e.g., asteroid, hormone, nucleic acids, small molecules etc.). An agonist canbe a wild-type protein or derivative thereof having at least onebioactivity of the wild-type protein. An agonist can also be a smallmolecule that up-regulates the expression of a gene or which increasesat least one bioactivity of a protein. An agonist can also be a proteinor small molecule which increases the interaction of a polypeptide ofinterest with another molecule, e.g., a target peptide or nucleic acid.

“Antagonist” as used herein is meant to refer to an agent thatdown-regulates (e.g., suppresses or inhibits) the bioactivity of aprotein of interest, or an agent that inhibits/suppresses or reduces(e.g., destabilizes or decreases) interaction among polypeptides orother molecules (e.g., steroids, hormones, nucleic acids, etc.). Anantagonist can also be a compound that down-regulates the expression ofa gene of interest or which reduces the amount of the wild-type proteinpresent. An antagonist can also be a protein or small molecule whichdecreases or inhibits the interaction of a polypeptide of interest withanother molecule, e.g., a target peptide or nucleic acid.

The terms “biocompatible polymer” and “biocompatibility” when used inrelation to polymers are art-recognized. For example, biocompatiblepolymers include polymers that are neither themselves toxic to the host(e.g., an animal or human), nor degrade (if the polymer degrades) at arate that produces monomeric or oligomeric subunits or other byproductsat toxic concentrations in the host. In certain embodiments of thepresent invention, biodegradation generally involves degradation of thepolymer in an organism, e.g., into its monomeric subunits, which may beknown to be effectively non-toxic. Intermediate oligomeric productsresulting from such degradation may have different toxicologicalproperties, however, or biodegradation may involve oxidation or otherbiochemical reactions that generate molecules other than monomericsubunits of the polymer. Consequently, in certain embodiments,toxicology of a biodegradable polymer intended for in vivo use, such asimplantation or injection into a patient, may be determined after one ormore toxicity analyses. It is not necessary that any subject compositionhave a purity of 100% to be deemed biocompatible. Hence, a subjectcomposition may comprise 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90% 85%, 80%, 75% oreven less of biocompatible polymers, e.g., including polymers and othermaterials and excipients described herein, and still be biocompatible.

To determine whether a polymer or other material is biocompatible, itmay be necessary to conduct a toxicity analysis. Such assays are wellknown in the art. One example of such an assay may be performed withlive carcinoma cells, such as GT3TKB tumor cells, in the followingmanner: the sample is degraded in 1 M NaOH at 37° C. until completedegradation is observed. The solution is then neutralized with 1 M HCl.About 200 μL of various concentrations of the degraded sample productsare placed in 96-well tissue culture plates and seeded with humangastric carcinoma cells (GT3TKB) at 104/well density. The degradedsample products are incubated with the GT3TKB cells for 48 hours. Theresults of the assay may be plotted as % relative growth vs.concentration of degraded sample in the tissue-culture well. Inaddition, polymers and formulations of the present invention may also beevaluated by well-known in vivo tests, such as subcutaneousimplantations in rats to confirm that they do not cause significantlevels of irritation or inflammation at the subcutaneous implantationsites.

The term “biodegradable” is art-recognized, and includes polymers,compositions and formulations, such as those described herein, that areintended to degrade during use. Biodegradable polymers typically differfrom non-biodegradable polymers in that the former may be degradedduring use. In certain embodiments, such use involves in vivo use, suchas in vivo therapy, and in other certain embodiments, such use involvesin vitro use. In general, degradation attributable to biodegradabilityinvolves the degradation of a biodegradable polymer into its componentsubunits, or digestion, e.g., by a biochemical process, of the polymerinto smaller, non-polymeric subunits. In certain embodiments, twodifferent types of biodegradation may generally be identified. Forexample, one type of biodegradation may involve cleavage of bonds(whether covalent or otherwise) in the polymer backbone. In suchbiodegradation, monomers and oligomers typically result, and even moretypically, such biodegradation occurs by cleavage of a bond connectingone or more of subunits of a polymer. In contrast, another type ofbiodegradation may involve cleavage of a bond (whether covalent orotherwise) internal to sidechain or that connects a side chain to thepolymer backbone. For example, a therapeutic agent or other chemicalmoiety attached as a side chain to the polymer backbone may be releasedby biodegradation. In certain embodiments, one or the other or bothgeneral types of biodegradation may occur during use of a polymer.

As used herein, the term “biodegradation” encompasses both general typesof biodegradation. The degradation rate of a biodegradable polymer oftendepends in part on a variety of factors, including the chemical identityof the linkage responsible for any degradation, the molecular weight,crystallinity, biostability, and degree of cross-linking of suchpolymer, the physical characteristics (e.g., shape and size) of animplant, and the mode and location of administration. For example, thegreater the molecular weight, the higher the degree of crystallinity,and/or the greater the biostability, the biodegradation of anybiodegradable polymer is usually slower. The term “biodegradable” isintended to cover materials and processes also termed “bioerodible”.

In certain embodiments wherein the biodegradable polymer also has atherapeutic agent or other material associated with it, thebiodegradation rate of such polymer may be characterized by a releaserate of such materials. In such circumstances, the biodegradation ratemay depend on not only the chemical identity and physicalcharacteristics of the polymer, but also on the identity of material(s)incorporated therein. Degradation of the subject compositions includesnot only the cleavage of intramolecular bonds, e.g., by oxidation and/orhydrolysis, but also the disruption of intermolecular bonds, such asdissociation of host/guest complexes by competitive complex formationwith foreign inclusion hosts.

In certain embodiments, polymeric formulations of the present inventionbiodegrade within a period that is acceptable in the desiredapplication. In certain embodiments, such as in vivo therapy, suchdegradation occurs in a period usually less than about five years, oneyear, six months, three months, one month, fifteen days, five days,three days, or even one day on exposure to a physiological solution witha pH between 6 and 8 having a temperature of between 25 and 37° C. Inother embodiments, the polymer degrades in a period of between about onehour and several weeks, depending on the desired application.

As used herein the term “bioerodable” refers to polymers which deliversustained effective amounts of therapeutic agent to target tissue overdesired extended periods of time. Thus, a polymer according to theinvention in the biological environment of host tissue and the like, inone aspect, is subjected to hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative speciesunder, and in proportion to, the host's inflammatory response. Thisresults in release of the therapeutic agent via the breaking of thecovalent linked bonds. Thus, in certain embodiments, the materials ofthe invention utilize the mammal's own wound-healing repair process inbeing degraded thereby, as hereinbefore described.

The biodegradable polymers polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, andpolylactic-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA), have been investigatedextensively for nanoparticle formulation. These polymers are polyestersthat, upon implantation in the body, undergo simple hydrolysis. Theproducts of such hydrolysis are biologically compatible andmetabolizable moieties (e.g., lactic acid and glycolic acid), which areeventually removed from the body by the citric acid cycle. Polymerbiodegradation products are formed at a very slow rate, and hence do notaffect normal cell function. Several implant studies with these polymershave proven safe in drug delivery applications, used in the form ofmatrices, microspheres, bone implant materials, surgical sutures, andalso in contraceptive applications for long-term effects. These polymersare also used as graft materials for artificial organs, and recently asbasement membranes in tissue engineering investigations. Nature Med.824-826 (1996). Thus, these polymers have been time-tested in variousapplications and proven safe for human use. Most importantly, thesepolymers are FDA-approved for human use.

When polymers are used for delivery of pharmacologically active agentsin vivo, it is essential that the polymers themselves be nontoxic andthat they degrade into non-toxic degradation products as the polymer iseroded by the body fluids. Many synthetic biodegradable polymers,however, yield oligomers and monomers upon erosion in vivo thatadversely interact with the surrounding tissue. D. F. Williams, J.Mater. Sci. 1233 (1982). To minimize the toxicity of the intact polymercarrier and its degradation products, polymers have been designed basedon naturally occurring metabolites. Probably the most extensivelystudied examples of such polymers are the polyesters derived from lacticor glycolic acid and polyamides derived from amino acids.

A number of bioerodable or biodegradable polymers are known and used forcontrolled release of pharmaceuticals. Such polymers are described in,for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,291,013, 4,347,234, 4,525,495, 4,570,629,4,572,832, 4,587,268, 4,638,04, 4,675,381, 4,745,160, and 5,219,980,which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

A biohydrolyzable bond (e.g., ester, amide, carbonate, carbamates, orimide) refers to a bond that is cleaved (e.g., an ester is cleaved toform a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid) under physiological conditions.Physiological conditions include the acidic and basic environments ofthe digestive tract (e.g., stomach, intestines, etc.), acidicenvironment of a tumor, enzymatic cleavage, metabolism, and otherbiological processes, and preferably refer to physiological conditionsin a vertebrate, such as a mammal.

Upon copolymerization of a comonomer precursor with a cyclodextrinmonomer precursor, two cyclodextrin monomers may be linked together byjoining the primary hydroxyl side of one cyclodextrin monomer with theprimary hydroxyl side of another cyclodextrin monomer, by joining thesecondary hydroxyl side of one cyclodextrin monomer with the secondaryhydroxyl side of another cyclodextrin monomer, or by joining the primaryhydroxyl side of one cyclodextrin monomer with the secondary hydroxylside of another cyclodextrin monomer. Accordingly, combinations of suchlinkages may exist in the final copolymer. Both the comonomer Aprecursor and the comonomer A of the final copolymer may be neutral,cationic (for example quaternary ammonium groups), or anionic (forexample sulfate, phosphate, borinate or carboxylate) groups. The chargeof comonomer A of the copolymer may be adjusted by adjusting pHconditions. Examples of suitable comonomer A precursors include, but arenot limited to succinimide (e.g., dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)DSP, and dissucinimidyl suberate (DSS)), glutamates, and aspartates).

The cyclodextrin-containing polymers of the present invention may belinear, branched or grafted. As used herein, the term “linearcyclodextrin-containing polymer” refers to a polymer comprising (α, β,or γ) cyclodextrin molecules, or derivatives thereof which are insertedwithin a polymer chain. As used herein, the term “graftedcyclodextrin-containing polymer” refers to a polymer comprising (α, β,or γ) cyclodextrin molecules, or derivatives thereof which are pendantoff of the polymer chain. The term “graft polymer” as used herein refersto a polymer molecule which has additional moieties attached as pendentgroups along a polymer backbone. The term “graft polymerization” denotesa polymerization in which a side chain is grafted onto a polymer chain,which side chain consists of one or several other monomers. Theproperties of the graft copolymer obtained such as, for example,solubility, melting point, water absorption, wettability, mechanicalproperties, adsorption behavior, etc., deviate more or less sharply fromthose of the initial polymer as a function of the type and amount of thegrafted monomers. The term “grafting ratio”, as used herein, means theweight percent of the amount of the monomers grafted based on the weightof the polymer. As used herein, a branched cyclodextrin-containingpolymer refers to a polymer backbone with a plurality of branch points,wherein each branch point is a starting point of yet another strand ofthe polymer backbone, and each section of polymer backbone may have aplurality of (α, β, or γ) cyclodextrin molecules, or derivativesthereof, inserted into or grafted onto the chain.

The phrase “controlled release” or “sustained release” refers to the useof systems that allow for the controlled or tunable delivery of one ormore of the present compounds or compositions over time. For example, incertain instances, the present compounds or compositions are used inconjunction with a controlled release system that delivers an effectiveamount (such as an approximately continuous amount, an increasingamount, or a decreasing amount) of the compound(s) over a certain periodof time, for example, over a period of at least about 4, 8, 12, 24, 48,or 72 hours, over a period of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days, overa period of at least about 1, 2, or 3 weeks, or over a period of atleast about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 months. Such controlled release systemsmay be used in conjunction with medical devices, such as stents andcatheters, to provide medical devices which offer controlled release ofthe present compounds and/or compositions. By way of example, somesuitable controlled release systems include hydrogels, polymers, meshes,and others demonstrated in the art.

The term “cyclodextrin moiety” refers to (α, β, or γ) cyclodextrinmolecules or derivatives thereof, which may be in their oxidized orreduced forms. Cyclodextrin moieties may comprise optional linkers.Optional therapeutic agents and/or targeting ligands may be furtherlinked to these moieties via an optional linker. The linkage may becovalent (optionally via biohydrolyzable bonds, e.g., esters, amides,carbamates, and carbonates) or may be a host-guest complex between thecyclodextrin derivative and the therapeutic agent and/or targetingligand or the optional linkers of each. Cyclodextrin moieties mayfurther include one or more carbohydrate moieties, preferably simplecarbohydrate moieties such as galactose, attached to the cyclic core,either directly (i.e., via a carbohydrate linkage) or through a linkergroup.

As used herein, the term “EC₅₀” means the concentration of a drug thatproduces 50% of its maximum response or effect.

The term “ED₅₀” means the dose of a drug that produces 50% of itsmaximum response or effect.

An “effective amount” of a subject compound, with respect to the subjectmethod of treatment, refers to an amount of the therapeutic in apreparation which, when applied as part of a desired dosage regimenprovides a benefit according to clinically acceptable standards for thetreatment or prophylaxis of a particular disorder.

As used herein the term “low aqueous solubility” refers to waterinsoluble compounds having poor solubility in water, that is <5 mg/ml atphysiological pH (6.5-7.4). Preferably, their water solubility is <1mg/ml, more preferably <0.1 mg/ml. It is desirable that the drug isstable in water as a dispersion; otherwise a lyophilized or spray-driedsolid form may be desirable.

A “patient” or “subject” to be treated by the subject method can meaneither a human or non-human subject.

The “polymerizations” of the present invention include radical, anionic,and cationic mechanisms, as well as reactions of bifunctional molecules(analogous to the formation of nylon, e.g., reacting molecules each ofwhich bears two or more different reactive moieties that react with eachother (but, preferably, are disfavored from reacting intramolecularly bysteric, conformational, or other constraints), or reacting two or moredifferent compounds, each compound bearing two or more reactive moietiesthat react only with reactive moieties of different compounds (i.e.,intermolecularly)), as well as metal-catalyzed polymerizations such asolefin metathesis, and other polymerization reactions known to those ofskill in the art.

The terms “prophylactic” and “therapeutic” are art-recognized andincludes administration to the host of one or more of the subjectcompositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation ofthe unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of thehost animal) then the treatment is prophylactic, i.e., it protects thehost against developing the unwanted condition, whereas if it isadministered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, thetreatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate,or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).

The term “preventing” is art-recognized, and when used in relation to acondition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease such ascancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medicalcondition, is well understood in the art, and includes administration ofa composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of,symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject whichdoes not receive the composition. Thus, prevention of cancer includes,for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in apopulation of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to anuntreated control population, and/or delaying the appearance ofdetectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreatedcontrol population, e.g., by a statistically and/or clinicallysignificant amount. Prevention of an infection includes, for example,reducing the number of diagnoses of the infection in a treatedpopulation versus an untreated control population, and/or delaying theonset of symptoms of the infection in a treated population versus anuntreated control population. Prevention of pain includes, for example,reducing the frequency of, or alternatively delaying, pain sensationsexperienced by subjects in a treated population versus an untreatedcontrol population.

The term “small molecule” refers to a compound having a molecular weightless than about 2500 amu, preferably less than about 2000 amu, even morepreferably less than about 1500 amu, still more preferably less thanabout 1000 amu, or most preferably less than about 750 amu.

The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacinga hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understoodthat “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit provisothat such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of thesubstituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution resultsin a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergotransformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include allpermissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, thepermissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents may beone or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen mayhave hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents oforganic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of theheteroatoms. Substituents may include any substituents described herein,for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, analkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as athioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, aphosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine,an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, asulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, aheterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Itwill be understood by those skilled in the art that the moietiessubstituted on the hydrocarbon chain may themselves be substituted, ifappropriate. Unless specifically indicated as unsubstituted, alloccurrences of moieties bearing one or more C—H bonds may be eitherunsubstituted or substituted as defined herein. By way of example, areference to an “alkyl” or “aryl” group will be understood to includeunsubstituted or substituted variants thereof.

As used herein, the terms “therapeutic agent” includes any synthetic ornaturally occurring biologically active compound or composition ofmatter which, when administered to an organism (human or nonhumananimal), induces a desired pharmacologic, immunogenic, and/orphysiologic effect by local and/or systemic action. The term thereforeencompasses those compounds or chemicals traditionally regarded asdrugs, vaccines, and biopharmaceuticals including molecules such asproteins, peptides, hormones, nucleic acids, gene constructs and thelike. More particularly, the term “therapeutic agent” includes compoundsor compositions for use in all of the major therapeutic areas including,but not limited to, adjuvants; anti-infectives such as antibiotics andantiviral agents; analgesics and analgesic combinations, anorexics,anti-inflammatory agents, anti-epileptics, local and generalanesthetics, hypnotics, sedatives, antipsychotic agents, neurolepticagents, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antagonists, neuron blockingagents, anticholinergic and cholinomimetic agents, antimuscarinic andmuscarinic agents, antiadrenergics, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensiveagents, hormones, and nutrients, antiarthritics, antiasthmatic agents,anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antinauseants, antineoplastics,antipruritics, antipyretics; antispasmodics, cardiovascular preparations(including calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, beta-agonists andantiarrythmics), antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators; centralnervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations; decongestants;diagnostics; hormones; bone growth stimulants and bone resorptioninhibitors; immunosuppressives; muscle relaxants; psychostimulants;sedatives; tranquilizers; proteins, peptides, and fragments thereof(whether naturally occurring, chemically synthesized or recombinantlyproduced); and nucleic acid molecules (polymeric forms of two or morenucleotides, either ribonucleotides (RNA) or deoxyribonucleotides (DNA)including both double- and single-stranded molecules, gene constructs,expression vectors, antisense molecules and the like), small molecules(e.g., doxorubicin) and other biologically active macromolecules suchas, for example, proteins and enzymes. The agent may be a biologicallyactive agent used in medical, including veterinary, applications and inagriculture, such as with plants, as well as other areas. The termtherapeutic agent also includes without limitation, medicaments;vitamins; mineral supplements; substances used for the treatment,prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of disease or illness; orsubstances which affect the structure or function of the body; orpro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after theyhave been placed in a predetermined physiological environment.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound, with respect to amethod of treatment, refers to an amount of the compound(s) in apreparation which, when administered as part of a desired dosage regimen(to a mammal, preferably a human) alleviates a symptom, ameliorates acondition, or slows the onset of disease conditions according toclinically acceptable standards for the disorder or condition to betreated or the cosmetic purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/riskratio applicable to any medical treatment.

“Physiological conditions” describe the conditions inside an organism,i.e., in vivo. Physiological conditions include the acidic and basicenvironments of body cavities and organs, enzymatic cleavage,metabolism, and other biological processes, and preferably refer tophysiological conditions in a vertebrate, such as a mammal.

The term “physiological pH,” as used herein, refers to a pH that isabout 7.4 at the standard physiological temperature of 37.4° C. The term“non-physiological pH,” as used herein, refers to a pH that is less thanor greater than “physiological pH,” preferably between about 4 and 7.3,or greater than 7.5 and less than about 12. The term “neutral pH,” asused herein, refers to a pH of about 7. In preferred embodiments,physiological pH refers to pH 7.4, and non-physiological pH refers to pHbetween about 6 and 7. The term “acidic pH” refers to a pH that is belowpH 7, preferably below about pH 6, or even below about pH 4.

The term “prodrug” is intended to encompass compounds which, underphysiological conditions, are converted into the therapeutically activeagents of the present invention. A common method for making a prodrug isto include selected moieties which are hydrolyzed under physiologicalconditions to reveal the desired molecule. In other embodiments, theprodrug is converted by an enzymatic activity of the host animal.

As used herein, “proliferating” and “proliferation” refer to cellsundergoing mitosis.

The term “acyl” is art-recognized and refers to a group represented bythe general formula hydrocarbylC(O)—, preferably alkylC(O)—.

The term “acyloxy” is art-recognized and refers to a group representedby the general formula hydrocarbylC(O)O—, preferably alkylC(O)O—.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with analkoxy group and may be represented by the general formulaalkyl-O-alkyl.

The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphatic groupsanalogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls describedbelow, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen attachedthereto. Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “alkyl” refers to saturated aliphatic groups, includingstraight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl(alicyclic) groups, alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl groups, andcycloalkyl-substituted alkyl groups. In preferred embodiments, astraight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms inits backbone (e.g., C₁₋₃₀ for straight chains, C₃₋₃₀ for branchedchains), and more preferably 20 or fewer.

Moreover, the term “alkyl” as used throughout the specification,examples, and claims is intended to include both unsubstituted andsubstituted alkyl groups, the latter of which refers to alkyl moietieshaving substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of thehydrocarbon backbone, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyland 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, etc.

The term “C_(x-y)” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, suchas, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant toinclude groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain. Coalkylindicates a hydrogen where the group is in a terminal position, a bondif internal. A C₁₋₆alkyl group, for example, contains from one to sixcarbon atoms in the chain.

The term “alkylamino”, as used herein, refers to an amino groupsubstituted with at least one alkyl group.

The term “alkylcycloalkyl” refers to groups, which contain cycloalkyl aswell as alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups according to the abovedefinition, e.g. alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyland alkynylcycloalkyl groups, etc. Preferentially a alkylcycloalkylgroup is composed of a cycloalkyl group, comprising one or more rings,comprising three to ten, preferentially three, four, five, six or sevencarbon-atoms and one or two alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups with oneor two to six carbon atoms.

The term “alkylthio”, as used herein, refers to a thiol groupsubstituted with an alkyl group and may be represented by the generalformula alkyl-S—. The term “amide” or “amido,” as used herein, refers toa group

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ each independently represent a hydrogen orhydrocarbyl group, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with the N atom to whichthey are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in thering structure.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to bothunsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moietythat can be represented by

wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(10′) each independently represent a hydrogen ora hydrocarbyl group, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with the N atom towhich they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atomsin the ring structure.

The term “aminoalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with an amino group.

The term “amidine” denotes the group —C(NH)—NHR wherein R is H or alkylor aralkyl. A preferred amidine is the group —C(NH)—NH₂.

The term “aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substitutedwith an aryl group.

The term “aryl” as used herein include substituted or unsubstitutedsingle-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon.Preferably the ring is a 5- to 7-membered ring, more preferably a6-membered ring. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systemshaving two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are commonto two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic,e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls,cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Aryl groupsinclude benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, and thelike.

The term “carbamate” is art-recognized and refers to a group

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbylgroup.

The term “carbonate” is art-recognized and refers to a group —OCO₂—.

The term “carboxy”, as used herein, refers to a group represented by theformula CO₂H.

The terms “carbocycle”, “carbocyclyl”, and “carbocyclic”, as usedherein, refers to a non-aromatic saturated or unsaturated ring in whicheach atom of the ring is carbon. Preferably a carbocycle ring containsfrom 3 to 10 atoms, more preferably from 5 to 7 atoms.

The term “carbonyl” is art-recognized and includes such moieties as maybe represented by the general formula:

wherein X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R₁₁represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈ or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, R′₁₁ represents a hydrogen, an alkyl,an alkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, where m and R₈ are as defined above. WhereX is an oxygen and R₁₁ or R′₁₁ is not hydrogen, the formula representsan “ester”. Where X is an oxygen, and R₁₁ is as defined above, themoiety is referred to herein as a carboxyl group, and particularly whenR₁₁ is a hydrogen, the formula represents a “carboxylic acid”. Where Xis an oxygen, and R′₁₁ is hydrogen, the formula represents a “formate”.In general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced bysulfur, the formula represents a “thiocarbonyl” group. Where X is asulfur and R₁₁ or R′₁₁ is not hydrogen, the formula represents a“thioester.” Where X is a sulfur and R₁₁ is hydrogen, the formularepresents a “thiocarboxylic acid.” Where X is a sulfur and R₁₁′ ishydrogen, the formula represents a “thioformate.” On the other hand,where X is a bond, and R₁₁ is not hydrogen, the above formula representsa “ketone” group. Where X is a bond, and R₁₁ is hydrogen, the aboveformula represents an “aldehyde” group.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated(e.g. cycloalkenyl)cyclic group, comprising one or several rings,preferentially one or two, containing three to fourteen ring carbonatoms, preferentially three to ten, preferentially three, four, five,six or seven ring carbon atoms. Furthermore the term cycloalkyl refersto a group where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by F, Cl, Br,I, OH, .═O, SH, ═S, NH₂, .═NH, or NO₂, or cyclic ketones, for examplecyclohexanone, 2-cyclohexenone or cyclopentanone. Examples of cycloalkylgroups are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentenyl, spiro[4,5]-decanyl,norbornyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, decalinyl,cubanyl, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonyl, tetralin, cyclopentylcyclohexyl,fluor-cyclohexyl or the cyclohex-2-enyl group.

The term “ester”, as used herein, refers to a group —C(O)OR⁹ wherein R⁹represents a hydrocarbyl group.

The term “ether”, as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbyl group linkedthrough an oxygen to another hydrocarbyl group. Accordingly, an ethersubstituent of a hydrocarbyl group may be hydrocarbyl-O—. Ethers may beeither symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Examples of ethers include, but arenot limited to, heterocycle-O-heterocycle and aryl-O-heterocycle. Ethersinclude “alkoxyalkyl” groups, which may be represented by the generalformula alkyl-O-alkyl.

The terms “halo” and “halogen” as used herein means halogen and includeschloro, fluoro, bromo, and iodo.

The terms “hetaralkyl” and “heteroaralkyl”, as used herein, refers to analkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

The terms “hetaralkenyl” and “heteroaralkenyl”, as used herein, refersto an alkenyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to a alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group,where several, preferentially one, two or three carbon atoms arereplaced by a O, N, P, B, Se, Si, or S atom, preferentially O, S, N. Theterm heteroalkyl also includes a carboxylic acid or a thereof derivedgroup, for example acyl (alkyl-CO), acylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, acyloxy,acyloxyalkyl, carboxyalkylamid or alkoxycarbonyloxy.

The terms “heterocyclyl”, “heterocycle”, and “heterocyclic” refer tosubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic ring structures, preferably 3-to 10-membered rings, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ringstructures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to fourheteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms“heterocyclyl” and “heterocyclic” also include polycyclic ring systemshaving two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are commonto two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings isheterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls,cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, piperidine, piperazine,pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.

The term “heteroalkylcycloalkyl” refers to alkylcycloalkyl groups,according to the above definition, wherein one or several,preferentially one, two or three carbon atoms are replaced by O, N, Si,Se, P or S, preferentially O, S, N. In certain instances aheteroakylcycloalkyl group comprises one or two ring systems with threeto ten, preferentially three, four, five, six or seven ring atoms andone or two alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or heteroalkyl groups with one or twoto six carbon atoms. Examples of such a group are alkylheterocycloalkyl,alkylheterocycloalkenyl, alkenyl-heterocycloalkyl,alkynylheterocycloalkyl, heteroalkyl-cycloalkyl,heteroalkylheterocycloalkyl and heteroalkylheterocycloalkenyl, whereinthe cyclic group is saturated or partially (e.g., twofold or threefold)unsaturated.

The terms “heteroaryl” and “hetaryl” include substituted orunsubstituted aromatic single ring structures, preferably 5- to7-membered rings, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ringstructures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to fourheteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The term“heteroaryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or morecyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoiningrings wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., theother cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls,aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Heteroaryl groups include, forexample, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole,pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element otherthan carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, andsulfur.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to the above definition ofcycloalkyl, wherein one or more, preferentially one, two or three ringcarbon atoms are replaced by a O, N, Si, Se, P, or S, preferentially O,S, N. Preferentially a heterocycloalkyl group is composed of one or tworings comprising three to ten, preferentially three, four, five, six orseven ring atoms. Moreover, the term heterocycloalkyl refers to groupswhere one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, OH, ═O,SH, ═S, NH₂, NO₂. Examples of heterocycloalkyl are piperidyl,morpholinyl, urotropinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, oxacyclopropyl, azacyclopropyl or2-pyrazolinyl groups as well as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides andcyclic anhydrides.

The terms “heterocyclyl”, “heterocycle”, and “heterocyclic” refer tosubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic ring structures, preferably 3-to 10-membered rings, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ringstructures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to fourheteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms“heterocyclyl” and “heterocyclic” also include polycyclic ring systemshaving two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are commonto two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings isheterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls,cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, imidazolidinone, piperidine,piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.

The term “hydrocarbyl”, as used herein, refers to a group that is bondedthrough a carbon atom that optionally has a ═O or ═S substituent andtypically has at least one carbon-hydrogen bond and a primarily carbonbackbone, but may optionally include functional groups with heteroatomsinterrupting the carbon backbone. Examples of such functional groupswith interrupting heteroatoms include amino, amide, carbonate,carbamate, ether (e.g., polyethylene glycol), ester, thioester,thiourea, and urea groups. For illustrative purposes, additionalexamples of hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, ethoxyethyl, 2-pyridyl,trifluoromethyl, and acetyl, but not, for example, ethoxy (which islinked through oxygen, not carbon). Additional hydrocarbyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycle,heterocycle, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and combinations thereof.Hydrocarbyl also includes corresponding divalent species (i.e.,hydrocarbylene), such as alkylene, arylene, etc.

The term “hydroxyalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with a hydroxy group.

The term “lower” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, suchas, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant toinclude groups where there are ten or fewer non-hydrogen atoms in thesubstituent, preferably six or fewer. A “lower alkyl”, for example,refers to an alkyl group that contains ten or fewer carbon atoms,preferably six or fewer. In certain embodiments, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy substituents defined herein are respectivelylower acyl, lower acyloxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, orlower alkoxy, whether they appear alone or in combination with othersubstituents, such as in the recitations hydroxyalkyl and aralkyl (inwhich case, for example, the atoms within the aryl group are not countedwhen counting the carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent).

The terms “polycyclyl”, “polycycle”, and “polycyclic” refer to two ormore rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls,heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more atoms are commonto two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Each of therings of the polycycle may be substituted or unsubstituted. In certainembodiments, each ring of the polycycle contains from 3 to 10 atoms inthe ring, preferably from 5 to 7.

The term “sulfate” is art-recognized and refers to the group —OSO₃H, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “sulfonamide” is art-recognized and refers to the grouprepresented by the general formulae

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represents hydrogen or hydrocarbyl.

The term “sulfoxide” is art-recognized and refers to the group-S(O)—.

The term “sulfonate” is art-recognized and refers to the group SO₃H, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “sulfone” is art-recognized and refers to the group —S(O)₂—.

The term “thioester”, as used herein, refers to a group —C(O)SR⁹ or—SC(O)R⁹ wherein R⁹ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “urea” is art-recognized and may be represented by the generalformula

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl.

Analogous substitutions may be made to alkenyl and alkynyl groups toproduce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls, amidoalkenyls,amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls, thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls,carbonyl-substituted alkenyls or alkynyls.

As used herein, the definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m, n,etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to beindependent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.

IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions, Formulations and Dosages

In part, a biocompatible polymer composition of the present inventionincludes a biocompatible and optionally biodegradable polymer, such asone having the recurring monomeric units shown in one of the foregoingformulas, optionally including any other biocompatible and optionallybiodegradable polymer mentioned above or known in the art. In certainembodiments, the compositions are non-pyrogenic, e.g., do not triggerelevation of a patient's body temperature by more than a clinicallyacceptable amount.

The subject compositions may contain a “drug,” “therapeutic agent,”“medicament,” or “bioactive substance,” which are biologically,physiologically, or pharmacologically active substances that act locallyor systemically in the human or animal body. For example, a subjectcomposition may include any of the other compounds discussed above.

Various forms of the medicaments or biologically active materials may beused which are capable of being released from the polymer matrix intoadjacent tissues or fluids. They may be hydrophobic molecules, neutralmolecules, polar molecules, or molecular complexes capable of hydrogenbonding. They may be in the form of ethers, esters, amides and the like,including prodrugs which are biologically activated when injected intothe human or animal body, e.g., by cleavage of an ester or amide. Atherapeutic agent in a subject composition may vary widely with thepurpose for the composition.

Plasticizers and stabilizing agents known in the art may be incorporatedin polymers of the present invention. In certain embodiments, additivessuch as plasticizers and stabilizing agents are selected for theirbiocompatibility. In certain embodiments, the additives are lungsurfactants, such as 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidycholine (DPPC) andL-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC).

A composition of this invention may further contain one or more adjuvantsubstances, such as fillers, thickening agents or the like. In otherembodiments, materials that serve as adjuvants may be associated withthe polymer matrix. Such additional materials may affect thecharacteristics of the polymer matrix that results.

For example, fillers, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or mouse serumalbumin (MSA), may be associated with the polymer matrix. In certainembodiments, the amount of filler may range from about 0.1 to about 50%or more by weight of the polymer matrix, or about 2.5, 5, 10, 25, or 40percent. Incorporation of such fillers may affect the biodegradation ofthe polymeric material and/or the sustained release rate of anyencapsulated substance. Other fillers known to those of skill in theart, such as carbohydrates, sugars, starches, saccharides, cellulosesand polysaccharides, including mannitose and sucrose, may be used incertain embodiments of the present invention.

In other embodiments, spheronization enhancers facilitate the productionof subject polymeric matrices that are generally spherical in shape.Substances such as zein, microcrystalline cellulose or microcrystallinecellulose co-processed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose may conferplasticity to the subject compositions as well as implant strength andintegrity. In particular embodiments, during spheronization, extrudatesthat are rigid, but not plastic, result in the formation of dumbbellshaped implants and/or a high proportion of fines, and extrudates thatare plastic, but not rigid, tend to agglomerate and form excessivelylarge implants. In such embodiments, a balance between rigidity andplasticity is desirable. The percent of spheronization enhancer in aformulation typically range from 10 to 90% (w/w).

In certain embodiments, a subject composition includes an excipient. Aparticular excipient may be selected based on its melting point,solubility in a selected solvent (e.g., a solvent that dissolves thepolymer and/or the therapeutic agent), and the resulting characteristicsof the microparticles or nanoparticles.

Excipients may comprise a few percent, about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 40%, 50%, or higher percentage of the subject compositions.

Buffers, acids and bases may be incorporated in the subject compositionsto adjust their pH. Agents to increase the diffusion distance of agentsreleased from the polymer matrix may also be included.

Disintegrants are substances that, in the presence of liquid, promotethe disruption of the subject compositions. Disintegrants are most oftenused in implants, in which the function of the disintegrant is tocounteract or neutralize the effect of any binding materials used in thesubject formulation. In general, the mechanism of disintegrationinvolves moisture absorption and swelling by an insoluble material.

Examples of disintegrants include croscarmellose sodium and crospovidonewhich, in certain embodiments, may be incorporated into the polymericmatrices in the range of about 1-20% of total matrix weight. In othercases, soluble fillers such as sugars (mannitol and lactose) may also beadded to facilitate disintegration of implants.

Other materials may be used to advantage or to control the desiredrelease rate of a therapeutic agent for a particular treatment protocol.For example, if the sustained release is too slow for a particularapplication, a pore-forming agent may be added to generate additionalpores in the matrix. Any biocompatible water-soluble material may beused as the pore-forming agent. They may be capable of dissolving,diffusing or dispersing out of the formed polymer system whereupon poresand microporous channels are generated in the system. The amount ofpore-forming agent (and size of dispersed particles of such pore-formingagent, if appropriate) within the composition should affect the size andnumber of the pores in the polymer system.

Pore-forming agents include any pharmaceutically acceptable organic orinorganic substance that is substantially miscible in water and bodyfluids and will dissipate from the forming and formed matrix intoaqueous medium or body fluids or water-immiscible substances thatrapidly degrade to water-soluble substances.

Suitable pore-forming agents include, for example, sugars such assucrose and dextrose, salts such as sodium chloride and sodiumcarbonate, and polymers such as hydroxylpropylcellulose,carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, and PVP. The size andextent of the pores may be varied over a wide range by changing themolecular weight and percentage of pore-forming agent incorporated intothe polymer system.

The charge, lipophilicity or hydrophilicity of any subject polymericmatrix may be modified by attaching in some fashion an appropriatecompound to the surface of the matrix. For example, surfactants may beused to enhance wettability of poorly soluble or hydrophobiccompositions. Examples of suitable surfactants include dextran,polysorbates and sodium lauryl sulfate. In general, surfactants are usedin low concentrations, generally less than about 5%.

Binders are adhesive materials that may be incorporated in polymericformulations to bind and maintain matrix integrity. Binders may be addedas dry powder or as solution. Sugars and natural and synthetic polymersmay act as binders.

Materials added specifically as binders are generally included in therange of about 0.5%-15% w/w of the matrix formulation. Certainmaterials, such as microcrystalline cellulose, also used as aspheronization enhancer, also have additional binding properties.

Various coatings may be applied to modify the properties of thematrices.

Three exemplary types of coatings are seal, gloss and enteric coatings.Other types of coatings having various dissolution or erosion propertiesmay be used to further modify subject matrices behavior, and suchcoatings are readily known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The seal coat may prevent excess moisture uptake by the matrices duringthe application of aqueous based enteric coatings. The gloss coatgenerally improves the handling of the finished matrices. Water-solublematerials such as hydroxypropylcellulose may be used to seal coat andgloss coat implants. The seal coat and gloss coat are generally sprayedonto the matrices until an increase in weight between about 0.5% andabout 5%, often about 1% for a seal coat and about 3% for a gloss coat,has been obtained.

Enteric coatings consist of polymers which are insoluble in the low pH(less than 3.0) of the stomach, but are soluble in the elevated pH(greater than 4.0) of the small intestine. Polymers such as EUDRAGIT™,RohmTech, Inc., Malden, Mass., and AQUATERIC™, FMC Corp., Philadelphia,Pa., may be used and are layered as thin membranes onto the implantsfrom aqueous solution or suspension or by a spray drying method. Theenteric coat is generally sprayed to a weight increase of about 1% toabout 30%, preferably about 10 to about 15% and may contain coatingadjuvants such as plasticizers, surfactants, separating agents thatreduce the tackiness of the implants during coating, and coatingpermeability adjusters.

The present compositions may additionally contain one or more optionaladditives such as fibrous reinforcement, colorants, perfumes, rubbermodifiers, modifying agents, etc. In practice, each of these optionaladditives should be compatible with the resulting polymer and itsintended use. Examples of suitable fibrous reinforcement include PGAmicrofibrils, collagen microfibrils, cellulosic microfibrils, andolefinic microfibrils. The amount of each of these optional additivesemployed in the composition is an amount necessary to achieve thedesired effect.

The therapeutic polymer conjugates as described herein can beadministered in various pharmaceutical formulations, depending on thedisorder to be treated and the age, condition and body weight of thepatient, as is well known in the art. For example, where the compoundsare to be administered orally, they may be formulated as tablets,capsules, granules, powders or syrups; or for parenteral administration,they may be formulated as injections (intravenous, intramuscular orsubcutaneous), drop infusion preparations or suppositories. Forapplication by the ophthalmic mucous membrane route, they may beformulated as eyedrops or eye ointments. These formulations can beprepared by conventional means, and, if desired, the active ingredientmay be mixed with any conventional additive, such as an excipient, abinder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a corrigent, a solubilizingagent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying agent or a coating agent.Although the dosage will vary depending on the symptoms, age and bodyweight of the patient, the nature and severity of the disorder to betreated or prevented, the route of administration and the form of thedrug, in general, a daily dosage of from 0.01 to 2000 mg of thetherapeutic agent is recommended for an adult human patient, and thismay be administered in a single dose or in divided doses.

The precise time of administration and/or amount of therapeutic polymerconjugate that will yield the most effective results in terms ofefficacy of treatment in a given patient will depend upon the activity,pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of a particular compound,physiological condition of the patient (including age, sex, disease typeand stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosageand type of medication), route of administration, etc. However, theabove guidelines can be used as the basis for fine-tuning the treatment,e.g., determining the optimum time and/or amount of administration,which will require no more than routine experimentation consisting ofmonitoring the subject and adjusting the dosage and/or timing.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose therapeutic polymer conjugates, materials, compositions, and/ordosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animalswithout excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or otherproblem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/riskratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means apharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as aliquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulatingmaterial. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of beingcompatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and notinjurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such aslactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4)powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients,such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil andsoybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, suchas glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters,such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) bufferingagents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginicacid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer'ssolution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21)other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceuticalformulations.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to the relativelynon-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the therapeuticpolymer conjugates. These salts can be prepared in situ during the finalisolation and purification of the therapeutic polymer conjugates, or byseparately reacting a purified polymer in its free base form with asuitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate,bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate,stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate,maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate,glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like.(See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm.Sci. 66:1-19)

In other cases, the therapeutic polymer conjugates useful in the methodsof the present invention may contain one or more acidic functionalgroups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptablesalts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic,inorganic and organic base addition salts of the polymer(s). These saltscan likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation andpurification of the polymer(s), or by separately reacting the purifiedpolymer(s) in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as thehydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptablemetal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptableorganic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali oralkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium,magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organicamines useful for the formation of base addition salts includeethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,piperazine and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., supra).

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium laurylsulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releaseagents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents,preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) watersoluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride,sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2)oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propylgallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents,such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol,tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations useful in the methods of the present invention includethose suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including ophthalmic, otic,buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, aerosol and/or parenteraladministration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unitdosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art ofpharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with acarrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary dependingupon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. Theamount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carriermaterial to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amountof the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out ofone hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent toabout ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent toabout 30 percent.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the stepof bringing into association a therapeutic polymer conjugate(s) with thecarrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general,the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation a therapeutic polymer conjugate with liquid carriers, orfinely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shapingthe product.

Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form ofcapsules, cachets, pills, tablets, gums, lozenges (using a flavoredbasis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, oras a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or asan oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir orsyrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin andglycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouthwashes and the like,each containing a predetermined amount of a therapeutic polymerconjugate(s) as an active ingredient. A compound may also beadministered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared usingbinder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose),lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example,sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made bymolding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered peptide orpeptidomimetic moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pillsand granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings andshells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in thepharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as toprovide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient thereinusing, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportionsto provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices,liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example,filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable mediumimmediately before use. These compositions may also optionally containopacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release theactive ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion ofthe gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples ofembedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substancesand waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form,if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups andelixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage formsmay contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, forexample, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers,such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethylacetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive,castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvantssuch as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening,flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active therapeutic polymer conjugatesmay contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearylalcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth,and mixtures thereof.

Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as asuppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more therapeuticpolymer conjugates with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients orcarriers comprising for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, asuppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature,but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectumor vaginal cavity and release the active agent.

Formulations which are suitable for vaginal administration also includepessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of atherapeutic polymer conjugate(s) include powders, sprays, ointments,pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. Theactive component may be mixed under sterile conditions with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants which may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition toligand(s), excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes,paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethyleneglycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, ormixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a therapeutic polymerconjugate(s), excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminumhydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons,such as butane and propane.

The therapeutic polymer conjugate(s) can be alternatively administeredby aerosol. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol,liposomal preparation or solid particles containing the compound. Anonaqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be used.Sonic nebulizers are preferred because they minimize exposing the agentto shear, which can result in degradation of the compound.

Ordinarily, an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueoussolution or suspension of the agent together with conventionalpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers. The carriers andstabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular compound, buttypically include nonionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, orpolyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitanesters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers,salts, sugars or sugar alcohols. Aerosols generally are prepared fromisotonic solutions.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlleddelivery of a therapeutic polymer conjugate(s) to the body. Such dosageforms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the agent in the propermedium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux ofthe ligand across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled byeither providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing thepeptidomimetic in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like,are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteraladministration comprise one or more therapeutic polymer conjugate(s) incombination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterileisotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions oremulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterileinjectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may containantioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient orsuspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may beemployed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention includewater, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof,vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, suchas ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by theuse of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of therequired particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use ofsurfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives,wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben,chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride,and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption ofthe injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusionof agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate andgelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirableto slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscularinjection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension ofcrystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rateof absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolutionwhich, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drugform is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oilvehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices oftherapeutic polymer conjugate(s) in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer,and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drugrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.

When the therapeutic polymer conjugate(s) of the present invention areadministered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can begiven per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example,0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient incombination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The preparations of agents may be given orally, parenterally, topically,or rectally. They are of course given by forms suitable for eachadministration route. For example, they are administered in tablets orcapsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment,suppository, infusion; topically by lotion or ointment; and rectally bysuppositories. Oral administration is preferred.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally”as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, usually by injection, and includes, withoutlimitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal,intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,”“peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as usedherein mean the administration of a therapeutic polymer conjugate, drugor other material other than directly into the central nervous system,such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject tometabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneousadministration.

The present therapeutic polymer conjugate(s) may be administered tohumans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route ofadministration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray,rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically,as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the therapeuticpolymer conjugate(s), which may be used in a suitable hydrated form,and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, areformulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventionalmethods known to those of skill in the art.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amountof the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desiredtherapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode ofadministration, without being toxic to the patient.

V. Physical Structures of the Subject Compositions

The subject polymers may be formed in a variety of shapes. For example,in certain embodiments, subject polymer matrices may be presented in theform of microparticles or nanoparticles. Microspheres typically comprisea biodegradable polymer matrix incorporating a drug. Microspheres can beformed by a wide variety of techniques known to those of skill in theart. Examples of microsphere forming techniques include, but are notlimited to, (a) phase separation by emulsification and subsequentorganic solvent evaporation (including complex emulsion methods such asoil in water emulsions, water in oil emulsions and water-oil-wateremulsions); (b) coacervation-phase separation; (c) melt dispersion; (d)interfacial deposition; (e) in situ polymerization; (f) spray drying andspray congealing; (g) air suspension coating; and (h) pan and spraycoating. These methods, as well as properties and characteristics ofmicrospheres are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,253;U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,441; U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,669; U.S. Pat. No.5,330,768; U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,938; U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,110; U.S. Pat.No. 6,034,175; and European Patent 0258780, the entire disclosures ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

To prepare microspheres of the present invention, several methods can beemployed depending upon the desired application of the deliveryvehicles. Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, spraydrying, freeze drying, air drying, vacuum drying, fluidized-bed drying,milling, co-precipitation and critical fluid extraction. In the case ofspray drying, freeze drying, air drying, vacuum drying, fluidized-beddrying and critical fluid extraction; the components (stabilizingpolyol, bioactive material, buffers, etc.) are first dissolved orsuspended in aqueous conditions. In the case of milling, the componentsare mixed in the dried form and milled by any method known in the art.In the case of co-precipitation, the components are mixed in organicconditions and processed as described below. Spray drying can be used toload the stabilizing polyol with the bioactive material. The componentsare mixed under aqueous conditions and dried using precision nozzles toproduce extremely uniform droplets in a drying chamber. Suitable spraydrying machines include, but are not limited to, Buchi, NIRO, APV andLab-plant spray driers used according to the manufacturer'sinstructions.

The shape of microparticles and nanoparticles may be determined byscanning electron microscopy. Spherically shaped nanoparticles are usedin certain embodiments, for circulation through the bloodstream. Ifdesired, the particles may be fabricated using known techniques intoother shapes that are more useful for a specific application.

In addition to intracellular delivery of a therapeutic agent, it alsopossible that particles of the subject compositions, such asmicroparticles or nanoparticles, may undergo endocytosis, therebyobtaining access to the cell. The frequency of such an endocytosisprocess will likely depend on the size of any particle.

In certain embodiments, solid articles useful in defining shape andproviding rigidity and structural strength to the polymeric matrices maybe used. For example, a polymer may be formed on a mesh or other weavefor implantation. A polymer may also be fabricated as a stent or as ashunt, adapted for holding open areas within body tissues or fordraining fluid from one body cavity or body lumen into another. Further,a polymer may be fabricated as a drain or a tube suitable for removingfluid from a post-operative site, and in some embodiments adaptable foruse with closed section drainage systems such as Jackson-Pratt drainsand the like as are familiar in the art.

The mechanical properties of the polymer may be important for theprocessability of making molded or pressed articles for implantation.For example, the glass transition temperature may vary widely but mustbe sufficiently lower than the temperature of decomposition toaccommodate conventional fabrication techniques, such, as compressionmolding, extrusion, or injection molding.

VI. Biodegradability and Release Characteristics

In certain embodiments, the polymers and blends of the presentinvention, upon contact with body fluids, undergo gradual degradation.The life of a biodegradable polymer in vivo depends upon, among otherthings, its molecular weight, crystallinity, biostability, and thedegree of crosslinking. In general, the greater the molecular weight,the higher the degree of crystallinity, and the greater thebiostability, the slower biodegradation will be.

If a subject composition is formulated with a therapeutic agent or othermaterial, release of such an agent or other material for a sustained orextended period as compared to the release from an isotonic salinesolution generally results. Such release profile may result in prolongeddelivery (over, about 1 to about 2,000 hours, or alternatively about 2to about 800 hours) of effective amounts (e.g., about 0.0001 mg/kg/hourto about 10 mg/kg/hour) of the agent or any other material associatedwith the polymer.

A variety of factors may affect the desired rate of hydrolysis ofpolymers of the subject invention, the desired softness and flexibilityof the resulting solid matrix, rate and extent of bioactive materialrelease. Some of such factors include the selection/identity of thevarious subunits, the enantiomeric or diastereomeric purity of themonomeric subunits, homogeneity of subunits found in the polymer, andthe length of the polymer. For instance, the present inventioncontemplates heteropolymers with varying linkages, and/or the inclusionof other monomeric elements in the polymer, in order to control, forexample, the rate of biodegradation of the matrix.

To illustrate further, a wide range of degradation rates may be obtainedby adjusting the hydrophobicities of the backbones or side chains of thepolymers while still maintaining sufficient biodegradability for the useintended for any such polymer. Such a result may be achieved by varyingthe various functional groups of the polymer. For example, thecombination of a hydrophobic backbone and a hydrophilic linkage producesheterogeneous degradation because cleavage is encouraged whereas waterpenetration is resisted.

One protocol generally accepted in the field that may be used todetermine the release rate of any therapeutic agent or other materialloaded in the polymer matrices of the present invention involvesdegradation of any such matrix in a 0.1 M PBS solution (pH 7.4) at 37°C., an assay known in the art. For purposes of the present invention,the term “PBS protocol” is used herein to refer to such protocol.

In certain instances, the release rates of different polymer systems ofthe present invention may be compared by subjecting them to such aprotocol. In certain instances, it may be necessary to process polymericsystems in the same fashion to allow direct and relatively accuratecomparisons of different systems to be made. For example, the presentinvention teaches several different means of formulating the polymeric,matrices of the present invention. Such comparisons may indicate thatany one polymeric system releases incorporated material at a rate fromabout 2 or less to about 1000 or more times faster than anotherpolymeric system.

Alternatively, a comparison may reveal a rate difference of about 3, 5,7, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 or 750 times. Even higher rate differencesare contemplated by the present invention and release rate protocols.

In certain embodiments, when formulated in a certain manner, the releaserate for polymer systems of the present invention may present as mono-or bi-phasic.

Release of any material incorporated into the polymer matrix, which isoften provided as a microsphere, may be characterized in certaininstances by an initial increased release rate, which may release fromabout 5 to about 50% or more of any incorporated material, oralternatively about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30 or about40%, followed by a release rate of lesser magnitude.

The release rate of any incorporated material may also be characterizedby the amount of such material released per day per mg of polymermatrix. For example, in certain embodiments, the release rate may varyfrom about 1 ng or less of any incorporated material per day per mg ofpolymeric system to about 500 or more ng/day/mg. Alternatively, therelease rate may be about 0.05, 0.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150,175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 ng/day/mg. In still otherembodiments, the release rate of any incorporated material may be about10,000 ng/day/mg, or greater. In certain instances, materialsincorporated and characterized by such release rate protocols mayinclude therapeutic agents, fillers, and other substances.

In another aspect, the rate of release of any material from any polymermatrix of the present invention may be presented as the half-life ofsuch material in the matrix.

In addition to the embodiment involving protocols for in vitrodetermination of release rates, in vivo protocols, whereby in certaininstances release rates for polymeric systems may be determined in vivo,are also contemplated by the present invention. Other assays useful fordetermining the release of any material from the polymers of the presentsystem are known in the art.

VII. Implants and Delivery Systems

In its simplest form, a biodegradable delivery system for a therapeuticagent consists of a dispersion of such a therapeutic agent in a polymermatrix. In other embodiments, an article is used for implantation,injection, or otherwise placed totally or partially within the body, thearticle comprising the subject compositions. It is particularlyimportant that such an article result in minimal tissue irritation whenimplanted or injected into vasculated tissue.

Biodegradable delivery systems, and articles thereof, may be prepared ina variety of ways known in the art. The subject polymer may bemelt-processed using conventional extrusion or injection moldingtechniques, or these products may be prepared by dissolving in anappropriate solvent, followed by formation of the device, and subsequentremoval of the solvent by evaporation or extraction.

Once a system or implant article is in place, it should remain in atleast partial contact with a biological fluid, such as blood, internalorgan secretions, mucus membranes, cerebrospinal fluid, and the like toallow for sustained release of any encapsulated therapeutic agent.

VIII. Methods and Uses

In certain situations, the present polymer conjugates can be used in thetreatment of one or more diseases, such as those exhibiting abnormalcellular proliferation, such as cancer, for example, breast, lung,colon, and ovarian cancer. When employed in the treatment of cancers,the subject polymer conjugates in some cases comprise one or moretherapeutic agents including, but not limited to, salicylic acid,acetaminophen, morphine, etoposide, a tubulysin (preferably tubulysin A,tubulysin B, or tubulysin C), an epothilone, camptothecin, orvancomycin, or an analog or derivative thereof, particularly atubulysin, an epothilone or an analog or derivative thereof.

REFERENCES

Additional cyclodextrin-containing polymers that can be modifiedaccording to the teachings of the present invention, as well as methodsof preparing such polymers, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,509,323;7,018,609; 7,091,192; and, 7,166,302 and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/453,707, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by referencein their entireties.

All of the references, patents, and publications cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Synthesis of CDP-PEG-GFLG-MEDA-ETOP

Fmoc-PEG-aceticacid (5.7 g, 13 mmol), HBTU (4.9 g, 13 mmol), HOBT (2.0g, 13 mmol), and DIPEA (3.4 g, 26 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (25 mL).GFLG-MEDA-Z (5.1 g, 8.8 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (13 mL) and DIPEA(3.7 g, 29 mmol) and added to the previous solution prepared. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature. DMF wasremoved under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was dissolved in200 mL CH₂Cl₂, the solution was washed twice with 0.1 N HCl (200 mL) andfollowed by washing with water (200 mL). It was then dried over MgSO₄and CH₂Cl₂ was removed under vacuum to yield crude product. It was thenpurified by flash column chromatography to yield white solid product,FMOC-PEG-GFLG-MEDA-Z (6.2 g, 72%).

FMOC-PEG-GFLG-MEDA-Z (3.0 g, 3.0 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL)of 0.2 M 2-Bromo-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole (2.4 g, 12 mmol). The reactionmixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction wasstopped by the addition of MeOH (10 mL). Solvents were removed undervacuum. The obtained residue was dissolved in a small volume of methanoland precipitated in cool diethyl ether to yield the product (2.6g, >99%). ESI/MS (m/z) expected 860.01; found 882.76 [M+Na].

FMOC-PEG-GFLG-MEDA (2.6 g, 2.8 mmol), Etop-NP (2.7 g, 3.6 mmol), DIPEA(0.70 g, 5.5 mmol) and DMAP (34 mg, 0.28 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (60mL) and stirred for 1.5 h at 60° C. DMF was removed under vacuum. Theobtained residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL). It was then washedtwice with 0.1 N HCl (150 mL) and followed by washing with water (150mL). It was dried over MgSO₄ and reduced under vacuum to yield the crudeproduct. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatographyto yield the product, FMOC-PEG-GFLG-MEDA-ETOP (3.2 g, 80%). ESI/MS (m/z)expected 1474.6; found 1497.16 [M+Na].

FMOC-PEG-GFLG-MEDA-ETOP (100 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in 1.2 mL of20% piperidine in DMF. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 min atroom temperature. The product was precipitated in diethyl ether (50 mL)and washed with to yield the product (60 mg, 70%). ESI/MS (m/z) expected1252.32; found 1274.87 [M+Na].

Cyclodextrin-based polymer (CDP) (1.8 g, 0.36 mmol) was dissolved in dryDMF (35 mL). The mixture was stirred until completely dissolved. DIPEA(0.94 g, 7.3 mmol), EDC (0.70 g, 3.6 mmol), and NHS (420 mg, 3.6 mmol)were added into the above solution. PEG-GFLG-MEDA-ETOP (1.4 g, 1.1 mmol)was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and added to the polymer solution. Thesolution was stirred for 4 h, and then the polymer was precipitated inethylacetate (150 mL). The precipitate was dissolved in DMF (15 mL) andprecipitated in acetone (75 mL). The precipitated product was dissolvedin pH 4 water (80 mL). The solution was dialyzed using 25K MWCO membrane(Spectra/Por 7) for 24 h. It was filtered through 0.2 μm filters(Nalgene) and lyophilized to yield white solid (1.1 g, 61%). Loading ofetoposide was determined to be 10% w/w by UV-Vis Spectroscopy at 283 nm.

Example 2 Synthesis of CDP-Carbamate-S-S-Etoposide

In a dry 100 mL round bottom flask, etoposide (1.0 g, 1.7 mmol) and TEA(2.5 g, 25 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous THF (35 mL) under argon. Tothat solution, 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (0.39 g, 1.95 mmol) inanhydrous THF (15 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min. The reactionmixture was stirred for additional 2 h at RT. The mixture was filteredand concentrated under reduced pressure to yield yellow solid. The solidwas purified by flash column chromatography to yield light yellow solid(0.75 g, 59%).

In a dry 25 mL round bottom flask, 4-nitrophenyl carbonate ester ofetoposide (100 mg, 0.13 mmol), 4-pyridylthiol cysteamine hydrochloride(35 mg, 0.16 mmol), DIPEA (34 mg, 0.27 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (5mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. DMFwas removed under reduced pressure to yield a light yellow solid. CH₂Cl₂(25 mL) was added and it was washed with 0.1 N HCl (10 mL) twice. It wasthen dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to yield a light yellow solid.The solid was purified by flash column chromatography to yield yellowsolid (51 mg, 48%).

In a 10 mL round bottom flask, 4-pyridylthiol cysteamine carbamate ofetoposide (50 mg, 0.0625 mmol) and cysteamine hydrochloride (6.4 mg,0.057 mmol) were dissolved in MeOH (2 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1h at room temperature. The solution was concentrated under vacuum anddiethyl ether (5 mL) was added to precipitate out white solid. The solidwas filtered and redissolved in MeOH (0.5 mL) and precipitated in CH₂Cl₂(15 mL). The solid was filtered and dried under vacuum to yield a whitesolid. It was then purified by Prep HPLC to yield white solid (19 mg,38%). ESI/MS (m/z) expected 767.84; found 767.29 [M]⁺.

CDP (96 mg, 0.020 mmol) was dissolved in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (2mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 min. Cystamine carbamate ofetoposide (35 mg, 0.044 mmol), N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (5.6 mg, 0.044mmol), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (11mg, 0.059 mmol), and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (5.0 mg, 0.044 mmol) wereadded to the polymer solution and stirred for 4 h. The polymer wasprecipitated with ethylacetate (50 mL). The precipitate was dissolved indeionized water (10 mL). The solution was dialyzed using 25K MWCOmembrane (Spectra/Por 7) for 27 h. It was filtered through 0.2 μmfilters (Nalgene) and lyophilized to yield white solid (57 mg, 59%).Loading of etoposide was determined to be 12.5% w/w by UV-VisSpectroscopy at 283 nm.

In a 100 mL round bottom flask, etopophosphate (720 mg, 1.1 mmol),N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (96 mg, 0.72 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide(83 mg, 0.72 mmol) and N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (140 mg, 2.3 mmol) weredissolved in anhydrous DMF (10 mL). The solution was stirred for 45 minat room temperature. EDA functionalized CDP (1.5 g, 0.60 mmol) andN,N-Diisopropylethylamine (160 mg, 2.3 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrousDMF (10 mL) on a separate 100 mL round bottom flask. This reactionmixture was added to the previous mixture at room temperature andstirred for 4 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated to 10mL and precipitated out in ethyl acetate (500 mL). The polymer wasdissolved in deionized water (150 mL) and it was dialyzed using 25K MWCOmembrane (Spectra/Por 7) for 26 h. It was then filtered through 0.2 μmfilters (Nalgene) and lyophilized to yield white solid (1.1 g, 73%).Loading of etoposide was determined to be 8.3% w/w by UV-VisSpectroscopy at 283 nm.

Example 4 CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin Synthesis of CDP-PEG-SS-Py

A mixture of CDP-PEG (2 g, 0.43 mmole), which was synthesized accordingto a published procedure (Bioconjugate Chem. 2003, 14, 1007), pyridinedithioethylamine hydrochloric salt (384 mg, 1.73 mmole), EDC (333 mg,1.73 mmole), and NHS (198 mg, 1.73 mmole) was dried overnight in a 200mL round bottom flask under vacuum. Anhydrous DMF (40 mL) was thenadded, followed by DIEA (0.3 mL, 1.73 mmole). The reaction mixture wasstirred under argon at room temperature for 4 h. Diethyl ether (300 mL)was then added into the mixture to precipitate the polymer. The crudeproduct was dissolved in H₂O (400 mL) and the solution was dialyzedusing a 25K MWCO membrane (Spectra/Por 7) against water. The dialysiswater was changed twice over a period of 24 h, after which the polymercontaining solution was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter membrane andlyophilized to yield 1.64 g of CDP-PEG-SS-Py (82% yield) as a whitesolid.

Synthesis of CDP-PEG-SH

To a PBS (6.8 mL) solution of CDP-PEG-SS-Py (155 mg, 0.032 mmole) wasadded a water (1 mL) solution of DTT, which gave rise to 20 mg/mL of theconcentration of polymer. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h and then dialyzed by a 25K MWCO membrane in degassedEDTA (1 mM, 2 L) water solution. The dialysis water was changed onceover a period of 24 h. After filtration with 0.2 μm filter membrane, thesolution was lyophilized to produce a white solid (109 mg) inquantitative yield.

Synthesis of Tubulysin-SS-Py

To a solution of pyridine dithioethylamine hydrochloric salt (15.8 mg,0.071 mmole) in anhydrous DMF (1.5 mL) was added DIEA (25 μL, 0.142mmole) followed by a solution of tubulysin A (40 mg, 0.047 mmole) inanhydrous DMF (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred under argon atroom temperature for 2 h. The mixture was then evaporated under vacuum.The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 15/1) to afford white solid (54 mg) in quantitative yield.

Synthesis of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin (“CDP-S-S-Tub”)

CDP-PEG-SS-Py (43 mg, 0.0094 mmole) was dissolved in degassed MeOH (1.8mL), into which was added a methanol solution (0.35 mL) of Tub-S-S-pyr(9.5 mg, 0.0094 mmole) to bring the total reaction volume of 2.15 mL.The resulting yellow mixture was stirred under argon at room temperaturefor 4 h. N-ethyl maleimide (118 mg, 0.94 mmole) was then added to quenchthe reaction resulting in clear, colorless solution. This solution wasdialyzed using a 25K MWCO membrane, and the dialysis water was changedonce over a period of 24 h. The solution was then filtered through 0.2μm filter membrane and lyophilized to afford target polymer (27 mg, 45%yield) as a white solid.

Example 5 In Vitro Studies of Etoposide Derivatives

The cytotoxicity of drug-polymer conjugates and linker-drug precursorswas determined in the human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780. Cellswere grown in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS).10,000 cells per well were seeded in a 96-well plate and incubated at37° C. for 24 hours, at which time drug was added to triplicate wells atvarious concentrations. After 72 hours of incubation at 37° C. in thepresence of drug, cells were washed with PBS, incubated for 1 hour withan MTS solution, and analyzed according to manufacturer's instructions(CellTiter 96 one solution cell proliferation assay, Promega, Madison,Wis.). The concentration of drug to kill 50% of cells (IC₅₀) wasdetermined using a 4-parameter fit (see Table 1).

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ values for etoposide derivatives Drug IC₅₀ Compound LinkerLoading (μM) etoposide — — 0.2 CDP-GFLG-DMEDA-Etop DMEDA-GFLG 8.1% 349.0CDP-GFLG-MEDA-Etop MEDA-GFLG 9.2% 81.3 CDP-PEG-GFLG-MEDA-EtopMEDA-GFLG-PEG 10.9% 22.6 CDP-carbonate-SS-Etop disulfide bond 17.0% 12.3CDP-carbamate-SS-Etop disulfide bond 12.5% 15.1 CDP-EDA-EtopPhosphosphate 10.7% 0.7 CDP-EDA-EtopPhosphoester phosphoester 13.7% 25.7

Example 6 In Vitro Studies of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin

The antiproliferative activity of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin (CDP-S-S-Tub) wasevaluated in vitro in multiple human cancer cell lines (NCI-H1299 lungcancer, HT-29 colon cancer, and A2780 ovarian cancer) and compared withTubylysin A (Tub A) and the sulfur derivatized Tubylysin A (Tub-SH)(Table 2). The data shows that the conjugate maintains highantiproliferative activity.

TABLE 2 IC50 values for CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin IC₅₀ (nM) Cell linesCDP-S-S-Tub Tub A Tub-SH NCI-H1299 (lung) cells 23.7 2.8 N/A HT-29(colon) cells 4.9 1.3 4.4 A2780 (ovarian) cells 13 2.4 N/A

Example 7 Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) Studies of CDP-S-S-Tub

HRLN female nu/nu mice were set up and dosing solutions were prepared.Body weight was determined biweekly until the end of the study. Theendpoint was where mean weight loss exceeded 20% or >10% of animals in agroup died, dosing was immediately stopped. Moribund animals wereeuthanized following PRC SOP. All animals were euthanized 14 days postfinal dose.

The maximum tolerated dose of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin (CDP-S-S-Tub) wasdetermined in nude mice and found to be 6 mg/kg (in Tubulysinequivalents) whereas that of Tubulysin A was 0.05 mg/kg (Table 3).

TABLE 3 MTD studies of CDP-S-S-Tub^(a) Avg. Treatment mg/ Mean BW # ofDay Group n agent kg Nadir^(b) TR^(c) of TR 1 4 CDP-S-S-Tub 10 (−) 23.4%Day 5 4 7 2 5 CDP-S-S-Tub 8 (-) 22.1% Day 11 1 11 3 5 CDP-S-S-Tub 6 (-)10.8% Day 4 0 N/A 4 4 CDP-S-S-Tub 3 (-) 8.7% Day 11 0 N/A 5 4CDP-S-S-Tub 1 (-) 0.4% Day 2 0 N/A 6 4 Tubulysin A 3 (-) 9.7% Day 2 4 37 4 Tubulysin A 1 (-) 15.7% Day 3 4 4 8 4 Tubulysin A 0.3 (-) 18.9% Day8 4 9 9 5 Tubulysin A 0.05 (-) 0.3% Day 5 0 N/A ^(a)all mice weretreated with schedule qwkx3 using iv injection ^(b)Nadir: the lowestpoint ^(c)TR: treatment related deaths

Example 8 Efficacy Studies of CDP-S-S-Tub General Procedure

Subcutaneous human tumor xenografts. The HT29 colon cancer cell line wasmaintained in nude mice. Then 1 mm³ HT29 tumor fragments were implanteds.c. into the right flank of HRLN female nu/nu mice.

Tumors were measured in two dimensions with calipers biweekly to the endof the study. Tumor volume was calculated based on the formula: tumorvolume=(length×width²)/2. Tumor weight was obtained from tumor volumeassuming 1 mm³ is equal to 1 mg of tumor in weight. When tumors reach anaverage size of 80-120 mg, a pair match was done to sort mice intogroups of ten each and then treatment was started (day 1).

All of the treatments were given by i.v. The endpoint of the experimentwas a tumor volume of 1 gm or 90 days. When tumor reached the endpointthe mouse was euthanized and endpoint tumor growth delay was calculatedconsequently. End-point tumor size was chosen to maximize the number oftumor doublings within the exponential growth phase in the controlanimals. It was set at 1000 mm³ for HT29.

Determination of treatment efficacy. Treatment efficacy was determinedby the time which took a specific tumor to reach the predeterminedendpoint size (1000 mm³ for HT29). The time to endpoint (TTE) for eachmouse was calculated from the equation TTE=[log(endpoint)−b]/m, where bwas the intercept and m was the slope of the line obtained by linearregression of a log-transformed tumor growth data set, which consistedof the first observation that exceeded the study endpoint volume and thethree consecutive observations that immediately preceded the attainmentof the endpoint volume. TTE values equal to the last day of the studywere assigned to those mice whose tumor volume did not reach theendpoint size. A TTE value equal to the day of death was assigned to amouse whose death was classified as treatment-related death. The micewhose deaths were classed as non-treatment-related deaths were excludedfrom TTE calculations. Tumor growth delay (TGD) is defined as thedifference between the median TTE for a treatment group and the medianTTE of the control group (TGD=T−C). It is expressed in days and as apercentage of the median TTE of the control group: % TGD=[(T−C)/C]×100,where T equals the median TTE for a treatment group and C equals themedian TTE for control.

Treatment may cause partial regression or complete regression of thetumor in an animal. Partial regression response is defined as the tumorvolume's being <50% of its day 1 volume for three consecutivemeasurements during the course of the study and >13.5 mm³ for one ormore of these three measurements. Complete regression response isdefined as the tumor volume is <13.5 mm³ for three consecutivemeasurements during the course of the study. A tumor-free survivor is ananimal with a complete regression response at the end of the study.

Determination of tolerability. Animals were weighed daily on days 1 to5, then twice per week until the completion of the study. The mice wereexamined for overt signs of any adverse drug-related side effects.Acceptable toxicity for the maximum tolerated dose was defined as groupmean weight loss less than 20% or no more than 10% of animals in a groupdie from toxicity.

Efficacy Studies

Efficacy was evaluated in nude mice bearing subcutaneously implantedHT-29 colorectal carcinoma xenografts. HRLN female nu/nu mice were setup with 1 mm³ HT-29 tumor fragments s.c. in the flank. The pair matchwas then done when the tumors reached an average size of 80 to 120 mgand was followed by beginning treatment. Dosing solutions were prepareddaily and body weight was determined bi-weekly until the end of thestudy. Caliper measurements were taken bi-weekly to the end of thestudy. Animals were monitored individually, and the endpoint of theexperiment was a tumor volume of 1 g or 90 days, whichever came first.Responders were followed longer. When the endpoint was reached, theanimals were euthanized.

CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin (CDP-S-S-Tub) was administered as a solution in100% water. Tubulysin A was administered as a solution in 10% DMSO: 1%Tween 80:89% Saline. The vehicle was 10% DMSO: 1% Tween 80:89% Saline.Vinblastine was administered as a solution in 100% Saline. The dosingvolume was 10 mL/kg (0.200 mL/20 g mouse) adjusted for body weight.

Treatment with CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin (CDP-S-S-Tub) was well tolerated,with no mortality or significant antitumor effect. It was bettertolerated than vinblastine and Tubulysin A. Treatment withCDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin resulted in a higher number of regressions and asignificant increase in tumor growth delay compared to Vinblastine.Treatment with Tubulysin A was proven to be toxic for the mice, causing50% mortality and 26.8% maximum body weight loss on day 26 (Table 4 andFIGS. 1-2).

TABLE 4 Antitumor activity of CDP-S-S-Tub Group 1^(b) 2 3 4 5 n 10 10 1010 10 Treatment Regimen^(a) Agent Vehicle^(c) Tubulysin VinblastineCDP-S-S-TUB CDP-S-S-TUB mg/kg — 0.1 4 3^(d) 3^(d) Schedule qwkx3 qwkx3qwkx3 qwkx3 qdx1 Treatment Results MTV(n), Day 90^(e) — — — 700.0 (3) —BW Nadir (%) — −26.80 −3.60 −2.20 −2.90 Median TTE 33.65 34.46 45.0573.55 56.92 TC — 0.81 11.4 39.9 23.27 % TGD — 2.42 33.89 118.57 69.15Statistical Significance^(f) vs G1 — ne ** *** *** vs G4 *** ne *** —*** vs G5 *** ne ns *** — Regressions PR 0 0 0 6 0 CR 0 0 0 3 0 TFS 0 00 1 0 Deaths TR 0 5 0 0 0 Endpoint: TV = 1000 mm³ or Day 90, whichevercomes first ^(a)all mice were treated using i.v. injection ^(b)controlgroup ^(c)vehicle: 10% DMSO: 1% Tween 80: 89% Saline ^(d)active Tub doseequivalents ^(e)MTV(n): median tumor volume (mm3) for the number ofanimals on the day of TGD analysis (excludes animals with tumor volumeat endpoint) ^(f)ne = not evaluable; ns = non-significant; **= 0.001 < P< 0.01; ***= P < 0.001

A polymer-tubulysin conjugate CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin was synthesized andfound to be highly soluble in water. The conjugate showed strongantiproliferative activity in multiple human cancer cell lines. The MTDof CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin was determined to be between 3 and 10 mg/kgwhile the free drug Tubulysin A was severely toxic even at 0.1 mg/kg.Efficacy studies of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin at 3 mg/kg showed that it waswell-tolerated and produced substantial antitumor activity during a90-day study. By contrast, the free drug Tubulysin A showed excessivetoxicity, causing 50% mortality. Vinblastine, a vinca alkaloid thatinhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the same binding site asTubulysin A, was significantly less effective as an antitumor agentcompared to CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin. These results demonstrate thatconjugation to a cyclodextrin-based polymer can improve the solubility,tolerability, and preclinical antitumor activity of antitumor drugs suchas Tubulysin A.

Example 9 Characterization and Release Studies of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin

Loading was determined by HPLC to be 12%. The particle size of theparent polymer was measured to be 9-10 nm while CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysinself-assembled into nanoparticles with a particle size of 127 nm. Thesolubility of Tubulysin A in water was determined to be 0.1 mg/mL at aneutral pH while that of CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin was found to be 100 timeshigher.

Release studies were performed by incubating CDP-PEG-SS-Tubulysin inboth PBS and human plasma. Release kinetics of tubulysin from thepolymer conjugate at 24 h showed 4.5% release in PBS at pH 5.5, 48%release in PBS at pH 7.4 and 75% release in human plasma at pH 7.5. At48 h, release kinetics were determined to be 9.2% release in PBS at pH5.5, 68% release in PBS at pH 7.4 and 82% release in human plasma at pH7.5.

Example 10 Enhanced Uptake of Cyclodextrin-Based Polymer Nanoparticlesby Targeting with LHRH Peptide

To increase the cellular uptake of cyclodextrin-based polymer (CDP) incancer cells, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was used as atargeting ligand and the receptor-mediated endocytosis of thenanoparticles investigated in several human cancer cell lines.

LHRH-PEG-maleimide and rhodamine (Rho)-maleimide were conjugated to CDPto form LHRH targeted nanoparticulate polymers (7.1% w/w LHRH, 11.3% w/wRho). Table 5 lists properties of the prepared CDP naoparticles.

TABLE 5 Properties of CDP naoparticles Mw of parent LHRH Rho Particlepolymer loading loading Size Compound (kDa) Mw/Mn* (wt %) (wt %)(nm)^(†) LHRHa-CDP-Rho 64 2.1 7.1 11.3 41 (145.3) CDP-Rho 64 2.1 — 10.734 (34) sLHRHa-CDP-Rho 64 2.1 5.2 8.8 30 (228.6) *Polymer dispersitydetermined by light scattering techniques. ^(†)Mean particle sizedetermined in water (number in bracket represent in RPMI culture medium)by dynamic light scattering using a ZetaPals instrument (BrookhavenInstruments, Holtsville, NY).

Cellular uptake studies of nanoparticles formed by LHRH targeted CDP-Rho(LHRH-CDP-Rho), non-targeted polymer (CDP-Rho, 10.7% w/w Rho), CDP-Rhomixed with excess LHRH and scrambled LHRH conjugated polymer(sLHRH-CDP-Rho) (5.2% w/w LHRH, 8.8% w/w Rho) were performed at either37 or 4° C. in MCF-7 (breast cancer), OVCAR-3 (ovarian cancer), andSKOV-3 (ovarian cancer) cell lines and analyzed by microplate reader orFACS. To investigate the endocytosis of LHRH-CDP-Rho, cells wereincubated with conjugates at 4° C. and chased with fresh medium at 37°C. The intracellular localization of LHRH-CDP-Rho was visualized bylaser scanning confocal microscopy. Table 6 lists cellular uptake levelsin various cell lines.

TABLE 6 Cellular uptake levels Percentage (%) of Total Dosing Cell LinesCDP-Rho LHRHa-CDP-Rho MCF-7 0.02 ± 0.005 0.85 ± 0.11 OVCAR 0.01 ± 0.0010.59 ± 0.18 SKOV-3 0.01 ± 0.004 0.40 ± 0.09

To assess comparative cellular uptake of CDP-Rho systems, MCF-7 Cellswere incubated with LHRHa targeted, sLHRHa targeted or non-targetedCDP-Rho conjugates at a concentration of 30 μM (Rhodamine equivalent)for 3 h at 37° C. or 4° C. Cells in parallel wells were incubated withmixture of CDP-Rho and LHRHa. Cells were then assayed for fluorescenceby using a spectrofluorometer (FIG. 3). Each column in FIG. 3 representsthe mean of three measurements with error bars representing the standarddeviation.

The distribution of CDP-Rho systems following dosing was determined.MCF-7 Cells were pulsed with targeted (LHRHa-CDP-Rho) or non-targetedCDP-Rho conjugates at a concentration of 30 μM for 3 h at 4° C. and thenchased at 37° C. for 2 h in fresh medium. The chased medium was assayedas dissociated and/or recycling polymer. The amount of cell surfacebound polymer conjugates was determined by trypsin treatment. Finally,the lysed cell was assayed as cellular uptake. Data were interpreted aspercentage of initially binding conjugates (FIG. 4). Each column in FIG.4 represents the mean of three measurements.

Comparison of cellular uptake of CDP-Rho vs. LHRH-CDP-Rho was alsodetermined by flow cytometry (FIG. 5). MCF-7 Cells were incubated withpolymer conjugates at a concentration of 30 μM (Rhodamine equivalent)for 3 h at 37° C. Cells were then collected, washed and analyzed by flowcytometry.

Pulse chase studies were also conducted (FIG. 6). MCF-7 cells werecoincubated with 1 μM Lysotracker Green DND-26 and 2.3 μM LHRHa-CDP-Rho(Rhodamine equivalent) for 1 h at 37° C. In FIG. 6, panel (a) showslocalization of LHRHa-CDP-Rho; panel (b) shows localization oflysotracker Green DND-26; panel (c) shows epifluorescence image of MCFcells; and panel (d) shows superposition of (a) and (b), which allowsfor detection of colocalization of LHRHa-CDP-Rho and Lysotracker GreenDND-26.

Results

Cellular uptake of LHRH targeted polymer nanoparticle was 40-60 timeshigher than that of non-targeted polymer nanoparticle in various cancercell lines (FIGS. 3-4). A mixture of CDP-Rho with LHRH did not increasethe cellular uptake of the CDP-Rho; the cellular uptake of the polymericnanoparticles was largely decreased when scrambled LHRH was conjugatedto polymer compared with LHRH-CDP-Rho; and the increased cellular uptakeof LHRH targeted polymer was inhibited at 4° C. (FIG. 3).

The percentage cellar uptake and cell surface binding was much greaterfor LHRH-CDP-Rho than for CDP-Rho, while disassociation and/or recyclingwas reduced (FIG. 4).

Cytometry further showed that cells treated with LHRH targeted CDPnanoparticles showed higher uptake than non-targeted nanoparticles (FIG.5).

Pulse chase studies demonstrated that the internalization ofLHRH-CDP-Rho was temperature dependent. Substantial colocalization ofLHRH-CDP-Rho with Lysotracker green was observed by confocal microscopy(FIG. 6).

CONCLUSIONS

The cellular uptake of the examined CDP nanoparticles was greatlyenhanced by conjugation with LHRH. In this particular embodiment, theincrease in uptake was observed with covalent attachment of LHRH to thepolymer nanoparticles and specific binding between LHRH andLHRH-receptor. Also, the internalization process was temperaturedependent, and the LHRH targeted polymer nanoparticles localized intothe endocytic pathway. These results indicate that hormones, such asLHRH, can be used to increase the intracellular concentration of CDPpolymer microparticles or nanoparticles in cells that express thecorresponding hormone receptor, such as the LHRH receptor.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thecompounds and methods of use thereof described herein. Such equivalentsare considered to be within the scope of this invention and are coveredby the following claims.

1. A polymer conjugate, comprising a therapeutic agent covalentlyattached to a polymer through a tether, wherein the tether comprises aself-cyclizing moiety.
 2. The polymer conjugate of claim 1, furthercharacterized by one or more of: the tether further comprises aselectivity-determining moiety; the polymer is a biocompatible polymer;the selectivity-determining moiety is bonded to the self-cyclizingmoiety between the self-cyclizing moiety and the polymer; theselectivity-determining moiety promotes selectivity in the cleavage ofthe bond between the selectivity-determining moiety and theself-cyclizing moiety; the bond between the selectivity-determiningmoiety and the self-cyclizing moiety is selected from amide, carbamate,carbonate, ester, thioester, urea, and disulfide bonds; the bond betweenthe selectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety isselected from amide, carbamate, carbonate, and disulfide bonds; theselectivity-determining moiety promotes enzymatic cleavage of the bondbetween the selectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizingmoiety; the selectivity-determining moiety promotes cleavage by acathepsin; the selectivity-determining moiety promotes cleavage bycathepsin B; the selectivity-determining moiety promotes cleavage of thebond between the selectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizingmoiety under acidic conditions; the selectivity-determining moietypromotes cleavage of the bond between the selectivity-determining moietyand the self-cyclizing moiety under basic conditions; theselectivity-determining moiety is a peptide; e.g., wherein the peptideis a dipeptide, tripeptide or tetrapeptide; e.g., wherein the peptide isselected from GFYA, GFLG, GFA, GLA, AVA, GVA, GIA, GVL, GVF, AVF, KF,and FK; the peptide is selected from GFYA and GFLG; or the peptide isGFLG; the selectivity-determining moiety is anaminoalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl moiety; the self-cyclizing moiety is selectedsuch that after cleavage of the bond between the selectivity-determiningmoiety and the self-cyclizing moiety, cyclization of the self-cyclizingmoiety occurs, thereby releasing the therapeutic agent; upon cyclizationof the self-cyclizing moiety, a five- or six-membered ring is formed;e.g., the five- or six-membered ring is a heterocycle that comprises atleast one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; e.g.,an imidazolidinone; the self-cyclizing moiety has a structure

wherein U is selected from NR¹ and S; X is selected from O, NR⁵, and S;V is selected from O, S, and NR⁴; R² and R³ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen, alkyl, and alkoxy; or R² and R together with the carbonatoms to which they are attached form a ring; and R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; e.g., wherein U is NR¹and/or V is NR⁴, and R¹ and R⁴ are independently selected from methyl,ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl; both R¹ and R⁴ are methyl; both R² and R³are hydrogen; R² and R³ together are —(CH₂)_(n)— wherein n is 3 or 4;the self-cyclizing moiety is selected from

and/or U is bonded to the self-cyclizing moiety; theselectivity-determining moiety is represented by Formula A:

wherein S a sulfur atom that is part of a disulfide bond; J isoptionally substituted hydrocarbyl; and Q is O or NR¹³, wherein R¹³ ishydrogen or alkyl; e.g., wherein J is polyethylene glycol, polyethylene,polyester, alkenyl, or alkyl; J represents a hydrocarbylene groupcomprising one or more methylene groups, wherein one or more methylenegroups is optionally replaced by a group Y (provided that none of the Ygroups are adjacent to each other), wherein each Y, independently foreach occurrence, is selected from, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—, C(═X) (wherein X isNR³⁰, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR³⁰—, —NR₁CO—, —C(O)NR³⁰—, —S(O)_(n)—(wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR³⁰, —NR³⁰—C(O)—NR³⁰—,—NR³⁰—C(NR³⁰)—NR³⁰—, and —B(OR³⁰)—; and R³⁰, independently for eachoccurrence, represents H or a lower alkyl; J is substituted orunsubstituted lower alkylene; e.g., wherein J is substituted orunsubstituted ethylene; and/or the selectivity-determining moiety is

the selectivity-determining moiety is represented by Formula B:

wherein W is selected from NR¹⁴, S, O; J, independently and for eachoccurrence, is hydrocarbyl or polyethylene glycol; S is sulfur; Q is Oor NR³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ is selected fromhydrogen and alkyl; e.g., wherein J comprises an aryl ring; e.g., abenzo ring; W and S are in a 1,2-relationship on the aryl ring; the arylring is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aralkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, —CN, azido, —NR^(x)R^(x), —CO₂OR^(x),—C(O)—NR^(x)R^(x), —C(O)—R^(x), —NR^(x)—C(O)—R^(x), —NR^(x)SO₂R^(x),—SR^(x), —S(O)R^(x), SO₂R^(x), —SO₂NR^(x)R^(x), —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—OR^(x),—(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—NR^(x)R^(x), and —(C(R^(x))₂)_(n)—SO₂R^(x); whereinR^(x) is, independently for each occurrence, H or lower alkyl; and n is,independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 2; J,independently and for each occurrence, is polyethylene glycol,polyethylene, polyester, alkenyl, or alkyl; J, independently and foreach occurrence, represents a hydrocarbylene group comprising one ormore methylene groups, wherein one or more methylene groups isoptionally replaced by a group Y (provided that none of the Y groups areadjacent to each other), wherein each Y, independently for eachoccurrence, is selected from, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—, C(═X) (wherein X isNR³⁰, O or S), —OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR³⁰—, —NR₁CO—, —C(O)NR³⁰—, —S(O)_(n)—(wherein n is 0, 1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR³⁰, —NR³⁰—C(O)—NR³⁰—,—NR³⁰—C(NR³⁰)—NR³⁰—, and —B(OR³⁰)—; and R³⁰, independently for eachoccurrence, represents H or a lower alkyl; J, independently and for eachoccurrence, is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkylene; e.g., J,independently and for each occurrence, is substituted or unsubstitutedethylene; and/or the selectivity-determining moiety is selected from

the selectivity-determining moiety has a structure

wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted benzo ring; J is optionallysubstituted hydrocarbyl; and Q is O or NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is hydrogen oralkyl; e.g., wherein Ar is unsubstituted; Ar is a 1,2-benzo ring; and/orthe selectivity determining moiety is

the polymer comprises a plurality of cyclic moieties selected fromcyclodextrins, crown ethers, cyclic oligopeptides, cryptands orcryptates, calixarenes, cavitands, or any combination thereof, thepolymer comprises cyclodextrins; and/or the polymer conjugate has astructure of Formula I:

wherein P is a monomer moiety; A, independently for each occurrence, isa selectivity-determining moiety or a direct bond; B, independently foreach occurrence, is a self-cyclizing moiety; L¹, L², L³ and L⁴,independently for each occurrence, are a linker group; D and D′ areindependently a therapeutic agent or prodrug thereof; T and T′ areindependently a targeting ligand or precursor thereof; y and y′ areindependently an integer from 1 to 10; x, x′, z, and z′ areindependently an integer from 0 to 10; and h is an integer from 2 to30,000; wherein at least one occurrence of either x or x′ is an integergreater than 0; e.g., wherein A is a selectivity-determining moiety; L¹,L², L³ and L⁴ are independently selected from an alkyl chain, apolyethylene glycol (PEG) chain, polysuccinic anhydride, poly-L-glutamicacid, poly(ethyleneimine), an oligosaccharide, and an amino acid chain;any of L¹, L², L³ and L⁴ are independently an alkyl chain wherein one ormore methylene groups is optionally replaced by a group Y (provided thatnone of the Y groups are adjacent to each other), wherein each Y,independently for each occurrence, is selected from aryl, heteroaryl,carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or —O—, C(═X) (wherein X is NR¹, O or S),—OC(O)—, —C(═O)O, —NR¹—, —NR¹CO—, —C(O)NR¹—, —S(O)_(n)— (wherein n is 0,1, or 2), —OC(O)—NR¹, —NR¹—C(O)—NR¹—, —NR¹—C(NR¹)—NR¹—, and —B(OR¹)—;and R¹, independently for each occurrence, is H or lower alkyl; A isselected such that the selectivity-determining moiety promotesselectivity in the cleavage of the bond between theselectivity-determining moiety and the self-cyclizing moiety; B iscapable of self-cyclizing to release the therapeutic agent once the bondbetween A and B has been cleaved; the polymer comprises a plurality ofcyclic moieties selected from cyclodextrins, crown ethers, cyclicoligopeptides, cryptands or cryptates, calixarenes, cavitands, and anycombination thereof; the polymer comprises cyclodextrins; thetherapeutic agent is a small molecule; the therapeutic agent contains anamino, hydroxyl, or thiol group; the therapeutic agent is attached tothe self-cyclizing group through the amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group;the therapeutic agent is attached to the self-cyclizing group through ahydroxyl group; the therapeutic agent is etoposide; the therapeuticagent is a tubulysin, or an analog or derivative thereof; thetherapeutic agent is an epothilone, or an analog or derivative thereof;and/or T is a hormone; e.g., wherein the hormone facilitatesendocytosis; the hormone is luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH).
 3. A compound represented by Formula C:

wherein P represents a polymer chain; CD represents a cyclic moiety; L₁,L₂ and L₃, independently for each occurrence, may be absent or representa linker group, provided that a plurality of occurrences of L₂ representlinkers that are cleavable under biological conditions; D, independentlyfor each occurrence, is selected from etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone,or an analog or derivative thereof; T, independently for eachoccurrence, represents a targeting ligand or precursor thereof; a, m andv, independently for each occurrence, represent integers in the range of1 to 10; n and w, independently for each occurrence, represent aninteger in the range of 0 to about 30,000; and b represents an integerin the range of I to about 30,000; and wherein either P comprisescyclodextrin moieties in the polymer chain or n is at least
 1. 4. Thecompound of claim 3, the compound is represented by Formula C′:

wherein CD represents a cyclodextrin moiety, or derivative thereof; L₄,L₅, L₆, and L₇, independently for each occurrence, may be absent orrepresent a linker group; D and D′, independently for each occurrence,is selected from etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog orderivative thereof; T and T′, independently for each occurrence,represents the same or different targeting ligand or precursor thereof;f and y, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer in therange of 1 and 10; g and z, independently for each occurrence, representan integer in the range of 0 and 10; and h is an integer from 2 to30,000; or the compound is represented by Formula D:

wherein γ represents a monomer unit of a polymer that comprisescyclodextrin moieties; T, independently for each occurrence, representsa targeting ligand or a precursor thereof; L₆, L₇, L₈, L₉, and L₁₀,independently for each occurrence, may be absent or represent a linkergroup; CD, independently for each occurrence, represents a cyclodextrinmoiety or a derivative thereof; D, independently for each occurrence, isselected from etoposide, tubulysin, epothilone, or an analog orderivative thereof; m, independently for each occurrence, represents aninteger in the range of 1 to 10; o is an integer from 2 to 30,000; andp, n, and q, independently for each occurrence, represent an integer inthe range of 0 to 10, wherein D is present at least once in thecompound.
 5. A compound represented by Formula C:

wherein P represents a polymer chain; CD represents a cyclodextrinmoiety; L₂ independently for each occurrence, may be absent orrepresents a linker group, wherein for one or more occurrences, L₂ is alinker group that comprises a phosphate group; L₁ and L₃, independentlyfor each occurrence, may be absent or represent a linker group; D,independently for each occurrence, represents a therapeutic agent or aprodrug thereof; T, independently for each occurrence, represents atargeting ligand or precursor thereof; a, m and v, independently foreach occurrence, represent integers in the range of 1 to 10; n and w,independently for each occurrence, represent an integer in the range of0 to about 30,000; and b represents an integer in the range of I toabout 30,000; and wherein either P comprises cyclodextrin moieties inthe polymer chain or n is at least 1, and wherein a plurality oftherapeutic agents or prodrugs thereof are covalently attached to thepolymer chain through attachments that are cleavable.
 6. The compound ofclaim 5, further characterized by one or more of: the attachments arecleavable under biological conditions; for a plurality of occurrences,L₂ is a linker group comprising a phosphate group; the compound isrepresented by Formula C′:

wherein CD represents a cyclodextrin moiety, or derivative thereof; L₄and L₆, independently for each occurrence, may be absent or represent alinker group, wherein for one or more occurrences, L₄ or L₆ is a linkergroup that comprises a phosphate group; L₅ and L₇, independently foreach occurrence, may be absent or represent a linker group; D and D′,independently for each occurrence, represent the same or differenttherapeutic agent or prodrugs thereof; T and T′, independently for eachoccurrence, represents the same or different targeting ligand orprecursor thereof; f and y, independently for each occurrence, representan integer in the range of I and 10; g and z, independently for eachoccurrence, represent an integer in the range of 0 and 10; and h is aninteger from 2 to 30,000; the compound represented by Formula D:

wherein γ represents a monomer unit of a polymer; T, independently foreach occurrence, represents a targeting ligand or a precursor thereof;L₆, L₇, L₈, and L₁₀, independently for each occurrence, may be absent orrepresent a linker group; L₉, independently for each occurrence, may beabsent or represents a linker group, wherein for one or moreoccurrences, L₉ is a linker group that comprises a phosphate group; CD,independently for each occurrence, represents a cyclodextrin moiety or aderivative thereof; D, independently for each occurrence, represents atherapeutic agent or a prodrug form thereof; m, independently for eachoccurrence, represents an integer in the range of I to 10; o is aninteger from 2 to 30,000; and p, n, and q, independently for eachoccurrence, represent an integer in the range of 0 to 10, wherein CD andD are each present at least once in the compound; at least one linkerthat connects the therapeutic agent or prodrug thereof to the polymercomprises a group represented by the formula

wherein P is phosphorus; O is oxygen; E represents oxygen or NR⁴⁰; Krepresents hydrocarbyl; X is selected from OR⁴² or NR⁴³R⁴⁴; and R⁴⁰,R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, and R⁴⁴ independently represent hydrogen or optionallysubstituted alkyl; e,g,, wherein E is NR⁴⁰ and R⁴⁰ is hydrogen; K islower alkylene; K is ethylene; at least one linker comprises a groupselected from

the linker is connected to the therapeutic agent through a hydroxylgroup on the therapeutic agent; e.g., wherein the hydroxyl group is aphenolic hydroxyl group.